Microstructure and abrasive wear behaviour of anodizing composite films containing SiC nanoparticles on Ti6Al4V alloy
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Abstract Tests with the du Pont machine show that the practice of expressing abrasion test results as an abrasive index, i.e., abrasion-resistance relative to a standard rubber, does not enable different types of abrasive to be used indiscriminately because these are found to give widely different abrasive indices for the same rubber; thus, some abrasives may give four times as high an index as others. If attention is confined to abrasive papers, as distinct from bonded abrasive wheels, this variation is reduced, but is still large enough to be a serious factor in accurate work. It is clear that, even when this comparative method of testing is used, standardization of the abrasive paper is essential to reduce discrepancies between results obtained in different laboratories. Discrepancies will still exist, however, because abrasive paper is not uniform, and there is evidence that abrasive indices determined on different portions of the same paper may differ as much as those from different types of paper. To minimize the effect of this nonuniformity, two courses are open. (1) All the rubbers to be compared could be abraded on one and the same area of paper, preferably a large area to avoid wearing the surface, e.g., by giving each rubber a short run on each of the several paper discs used, instead of using a different disc for each rubber. (2) Different specimens could be tested on the two sides of the machine provided this has a pivotted arm. It is shown that this technique has several advantages. The factors that cause the abrasive index to vary from one abrasive to another are not known; it appears, however, that the degree of abrasiveness is not a determining factor. The two methods of calculating abrasion loss—as cc. per hr. and cc. per H.P.-hr.,—usually do not give the same abrasive index; in any standard test method it is therefore essential to state which is to be used. The variation of the abrasive index from one abrasive to another is the same whichever method of calculation is used.
Abrasion (mechanical)
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A search through the literature reveals that the vast majority of studies about aluminum anodizing were conducted at the macroscale (i.e., from cm2 up to m2), while those focused on local anodizing (i.e., on surfaces of less than 1 mm2) are rare. The last ones either used insulating masks or were conducted in an electrolyte droplet. The present study describes on the one hand a new way to prepare aluminum microelectrodes of conventional disk-shaped geometry, and on the other hand the local anodizing of their respective aluminum micrometric top-disks. The influence of the anodizing voltage on anodic film characteristics (i.e., thickness, growth rate and expansion factor) was studied during local anodizing. Compared with the values reported for macroscopic anodizing, the pore diameter appears to be significantly low and the film growth rate can reach atypically high values, both specificities probably resulting from a very limited increase in the temperature on the aluminum surface during anodizing.
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Anodic oxidation
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TiO2 nano-pore array structure was prepared by anodizing of PVD titanium film in 1% HF solution.The researches show that the shape of the pore in TiO2 nano-pore film is circular and its distribution is uniform.The size of the pore is about 50 nm.Under the same anodizing time conditions,the thickness of TiO2 nano-pore film prepared at 15℃ 1% HF solution is thicker than that prepared at 25℃ 1% HF solution.The longer the anodizing time is,the thicker the TiO2 film is.
Anodizing
Barrier layer
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The composition and structure of porous alumina films formed in H 2SO 4 solution by AC and DC anodizing have been investigated separately.The two kinds of porous films are all composed of (Al 2O 3) 4·H 2O,Al(OH) 3 and Al 2(SO 4) 3,but sulphur and sulphide are also found in AC anodizing films.The pore shape of DC anodizing films are more regular than that of AC anodizing films.The surface morphology of AC anodizing films is much coarsened.
Anodizing
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If one of the surfaces which are in touch is rough and hard, it chips the other surface due to relative motion or touching forces. The wear is called two-body abrasive wear. If there are free abrasive particles between the two bodies, the wear is called three-body abrasive wear. The free abrasive particles may be external material dust or the remains of chipping. Usually, the wear starts as a two-body abrasive or adhesive wear and then becomes a threebody wear as dust form between the two surfaces due to external particles, chipping remains, or oxide particles. In three-body abrasive wear, wear rate increases as diameter of abrasive particles increases. Gouging, high stress abrasion and low stress abrasion are types of three-body abrasive wear [1-3].
Abrasion (mechanical)
Particle (ecology)
Adhesive wear
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The wear behavior of different plant abrasive to 45# steel was studied by using an abrasive rubber wheel tester. The worn surface of the frictional samples morphology was observed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy, and the wearing mechanism of different abrasive to 45# steel was analyzed. The results show that: on the experiment conditions, the wear loss from big to small is alfalfa abrasive, corn abrasive and wheat abrasive, and the wear rules of corn abrasive and wheat abrasive are similar, but the wear loss of alfalfa abrasive is much higher than the former two. The wear dominant mechanism of the wheat abrasive to 45# steel is mechanical polishing, the wear dominant mechanism of the corn abrasive to 45# steel is mechanical polishing and adhesive wear, the wear dominant mechanism of the alfalfa abrasive to 45#steel is micro-cutting and adhesive wear.
Adhesive wear
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New insights into the initial stages of Ta oxide nanotube formation on polycrystalline Ta electrodes
Ta oxide nanotubes (NTs) were formed by the anodization of Ta at 15 V in a solution of concentrated sulfuric acid containing 0.8–1.0 M hydrofluoric acid. To study the initial stages of NT formation, FESEM images of samples anodized for very short times were obtained. The results contradict the existing explanation of the current–time data collected during anodization, which has persisted in the literature for more than two decades. In addition to providing a first-time morphological study of Ta oxide NT formation at very early stages of anodization, we also propose a new interpretation of the i–t response, showing that pores are already present in the first few milliseconds of anodization and that NTs are formed well before present models predict. This behaviour may also extend to the anodization of other valve metals, such as Al, Ti, Zr, W, and Nb.
Anodizing
Hydrofluoric acid
Titanium oxide
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