Ions for LHC: Status of the injector chain
D. ManglunkiJ. BorburghSergio PasinelliE. MahnerT. FowlerM. ChanelJean RoyerA. BeuretM. HouricanB. VandorpeS. MauryM. MartiniJ.L. ValletD. KüchlerChristian CarliL. DumasU. RaichG. TranquilleJ. M. JowettL. SermeusA. ReyM. Gourber-PaceR. ScrivensS. Hancock
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The LHC will, in addition to proton runs, be operated with Pb ions and provide collisions at energies of 5.5 TeV per nucleon pair, i.e. more than 1.1 PeV per event, to experiments. The transformation of CERN’s ion injector complex (Linac3-LEIR-PS-SPS) to allow collision of ions in LHC in 2008 is well under way. The status of these modifications and the latest results of commissioning will be presented. The remaining challenges are reviewed.Cite
The CERN PS Booster (PSB) produces a variety of beam flavours for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). While the nominal LHC physics beams require 6 Booster bunches with intensities up to 1.6 10 12 protons per bunch, during the LHC commissioning single bunch beams with variable intensities as low as 5 10 9 protons have to be provided reproducibly. The final transverse and in many cases also the final longitudinal beam characteristics have to be achieved already in the PSB and can be very demanding in terms of beam brightness and stability. The optimized production schemes for the different LHC beam flavours in the PSB and the achieved machine performance are presented. Experience with the first beams sent to the LHC in September 2008 is discussed. An overview of the first measured results with a new production scheme of the nominal LHC beam using single instead of double-batch beam transfer from the PSB to the PS is also given.
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The CERN PS is the oldest link in the LHC injector chain. A separate function substitute synchrotron is discussed. It would keep the versatility of the present machine and have a higher extraction energy to relax the tolerance on the microwave instability threshold at injection into the SPS. Its essential property would be an adjustable η variation near the isochronous regime to meet the requirements imposed by bunch compression at ejection. It would also be equipped with all the correction systems of a modern machine.
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The first LHC Pb ion run took place at 1.38 A TeV/c per beam in autumn 2010. After a short period of runningin, the injector chain was able to fill the collider with up to 137 bunches per ring, with an intensity of 10 Pb ions/bunch, about 50% higher than the design value. This yielded a luminosity of 3×10 Hz/cm, allowing the experiments to accumulate just under 10 μb each during the four week run. We review the performance of the individual links of the injector chain, and address the main issues limiting the LHC luminosity, in view of reaching 10 Hz/cm in 2011, and substantially beyond when the LHC energy increases after the long shutdown in 2013-14.
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