Impact of cuticle on calculations of the CO2 concentration inside leaves
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Cuticle (hair)
Plant cuticle
Epidermis (zoology)
Turgor pressure
Helianthus annuus
The plant cuticle is a waxy outer covering on plants that has a primary role in water conservation, but is also an important barrier against the entry of pathogenic microorganisms. The cuticle is made up of a tough crosslinked polymer called "cutin" and a protective wax layer that seals the plant surface. The waxy layer of the cuticle is obvious on many plants, appearing as a shiny film on the ivy leaf or as a dusty outer covering on the surface of a grape or a cabbage leaf thanks to light scattering crystals present in the wax. Because the cuticle is an essential adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment, understanding the genes involved in plant cuticle formation has applications in both agriculture and forestry. Today, we'll show the analysis of plant cuticle mutants identified by forward and reverse genetics approaches.
Cutin
Plant cuticle
Cuticle (hair)
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Cuticle (hair)
Plant cuticle
Epicuticular wax
Limiting
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Leaf cuticle waxes were extracted from monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA)-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants at 0, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment (DAT) following 1x and 2x MSMA applications. Wax constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection and compared to alkane and alcohol standards of carbon lengths varying from C21 to C30. Differences in waxes were calculated and reported as change per ng mm2-1. Tricosane (C23) was found to increase following MSMA applications. All other alkanes decreased by 7 DAT, with some showing a linear effect over time in the R-cocklebur. Alcohol constituents were also observed to decrease by 7 DAT. Total arsenic in the extracted wax fraction was determined, with greatest quantities detected in the R-cocklebur. Wax changes are not believed to play a role in cotton tolerance, since changes in cuticle concentrations were minimal. Cocklebur resistance to MSMA is not due to cuticle constituents; the wax changes are a secondary effect in response to herbicide application.
Cuticle (hair)
Alkane
Epicuticular wax
Fraction (chemistry)
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Seedlings of Helianthus annuus L. were grown at an initially high relative nitrate supply rate (0.27 mol N mol N−1 d−1). The supply was subsequently reduced to a low rate (0.04 mol N mol N−1 d−1). The response of leaf area development to this abrupt decrease in nitrate availability was characterized by following the expansion of the primary and secondary leaf pairs. The timing of the drop in nitrate supply was when cell division in the epidermis of the primary leaf pair was largely complete. Reducing the availability of nitrate had a strong effect on leaf area expansion. The final leaf size of the primary leaf pair was affected indicating an effect of nitrate availability on cell expansion. By the end of the experiment the secondary leaf pair was only one-third the area of that on control seedlings. The role of epidermal cell turgor pressure in this growth response was assessed by direct measurements with a miniature cell pressure probe. No reduction in cell turgor pressure following the decrease in nitrate availability was detected. It is concluded that a reduction in turgor pressure was not responsible for the reduction in leaf area expansion and it is suggested that reduced cell expansion was due to changes in cell wall properties. Concentrations of leaf and root abscisic acid increased following the reduction in nitrate availability.
Turgor pressure
Helianthus annuus
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Leaf photosynthesis relies on CO2 diffusing in while water vapour diffuses out. When stomata close, cuticle waxes on the epidermal tissues increasingly affect this diffusion. Also, changes in turgor can shrink or swell a leaf, varying the cuticle size. In this study, the properties of the cuticle were investigated while turgor varied in intact leaves of hypo stomatous grape (Vitis vinifera L.) or amphistomatous sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). For grape, stomata on the abaxial surface were sealed and high CO2 concentrations outside the leaf were used to maximize diffusion through the adaxial, stoma-free cuticle. For sunflower, stomata were closed in the dark or with abscisic acid to maximize the cuticle contribution to the path. In both species, the internal CO2 concentration was measured directly and continuously while other variables were determined to establish the cuticle properties. The results indicated that stomatal closure diminished the diffusion of both gases in both species, but for CO2 more than for water vapour. Decreasing the turgor diminished the movement of both gases through the cuticle of both species. Because this turgor effect was observed in the adaxial surface of grape, which had no stomata, it could only be attributed to cuticle tightening. Comparing calculated and measured concentrations of CO2 in leaves revealed differences that became large as stomata began to close. These differences in transport, together with turgor effects, suggest calculations of the CO2 concentration inside leaves need to be viewed with caution when stomata begin to close.
Turgor pressure
Cuticle (hair)
Plant cuticle
Epidermis (zoology)
Helianthus annuus
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Arthropod cuticle
Cuticle (hair)
Grease
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Plant cuticle plays an important role in the plant life cycle. The cuticle is highly hydrophobic layer of cutin intermeshed and coated with waxes that covers essentially all aerial organs and mainly composed of fatty acids and their derivatives. Plant cuticle can be divided into the inner cutin and outer wax layer and forms a protective layer against temperature extremes, drought, high salinity and other abiotic stresses. The cuticle also protects inner tissues from bacterial and fungal pathogens, herbivore attacks. The recent research progresses in the relationship between plant cuticle and stress resistance, especially drought tolerance were reviewed.
Cutin
Cuticle (hair)
Plant cuticle
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Cuticle (hair)
Plant cuticle
Epicuticular wax
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The cuticle is a heterogeneous, extracellular biopolymer, which is synthesized by epidermal cells. It plays many physiological and ecological roles but its main function is the reduction of water loss from plants when the stomata are closed. Cuticular waxes are essential part of the cuticle structure and their presence is limitation factor in controlling water permeability. Therefore, knowledge about amounts and chemical composition of cuticular waxes is necessary in order to understand their functions. This study was conducted to find out the effect of wax extraction on water permeability of three isolated plant species cuticles. The cuticles were enzymatically isolated and waxes were extracted from the cuticles using chloroform. The results showed that the water permeance was affected by removing waxes from cuticle structure and it was increased by high factor for all treated plants. This study showed no correlation between wax coverage of each single species and its water permeability
Cuticle (hair)
Plant cuticle
Epicuticular wax
Water soluble
Permeance
Epidermis (zoology)
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Citations (2)
The plant cuticle is a waxy outer covering on plants that has a primary role in water conservation, but is also an important barrier against the entry of pathogenic microorganisms. The cuticle is made up of a tough crosslinked polymer called "cutin" and a protective wax layer that seals the plant surface. The waxy layer of the cuticle is obvious on many plants, appearing as a shiny film on the ivy leaf or as a dusty outer covering on the surface of a grape or a cabbage leaf thanks to light scattering crystals present in the wax. Because the cuticle is an essential adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment, understanding the genes involved in plant cuticle formation has applications in both agriculture and forestry. Today, we'll show the analysis of plant cuticle mutants identified by forward and reverse genetics approaches.
Cutin
Plant cuticle
Cuticle (hair)
Cite
Citations (8)