Enhanced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on poly(l -lactide) nanofibrous scaffolds containing carbon nanomaterials
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Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), such as carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene, are highlighted in bone regeneration because of their osteoinductive properties. Their combinations with nanofibrous polymeric scaffolds, which mimic the morphology of natural extracellular matrix of bone, arouse keen interest in bone tissue engineering. To this end, CNM were incorporated into nanofibrous poly(l-lactic acid) scaffolds by thermal-induced phase separation. The CNM-containing composite nanofibrous scaffolds were biologically evaluated by both in vitro co-culture of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and in vivo implantation. The nanofibrous structure itself demonstrated significant enhancement in cell adhesion, proliferation and oseogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and with the incorporation of CNM, the composite nanofibrous scaffolds further promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs significantly. Between the two CNMs, graphene showed stronger effect in promoting osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs than CNT. The results of in vivo experiments revealed that the composite nanofibrous scaffolds had both good biocompatibility and strong ability in inducing osteogenesis. CNMs could remarkably enhance the expression of osteogenesis-related proteins as well as the formation of type I collagen. Similarly, the graphene-containing composite nanofibrous scaffolds demonstrated the strongest effect on inducing osteogenesis in vivo. These findings demonstrated that CNM-containing composite nanofibrous scaffolds were obviously more efficient in promoting osteogenesis than pure polymeric scaffolds. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1424–1435, 2015.Keywords:
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Tissue-engineering scaffolds should be analogous to native extracellular matrix (ECM) in terms of both chemical composition and physical structure. Polymeric nanofiber matrix is similar, with its nanoscaled nonwoven fibrous ECM proteins, and thus is a candidate ECM-mimetic material. Techniques such as electrospinning to produce polymeric nanofibers have stimulated researchers to explore the application of nanofiber matrix as a tissue-engineering scaffold. This review covers the preparation and modification of polymeric nanofiber matrix in the development of future tissue-engineering scaffolds. Major emphasis is also given to the development and applications of aligned, core shell-structured, or surface-functionalized polymer nanofibers. The potential application of polymer nanofibers extends far beyond tissue engineering. Owing to their high surface area, functionalized polymer nanofibers will find broad applications as drug delivery carriers, biosensors, and molecular filtration membranes in future.
Electrospinning
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Matrix (chemical analysis)
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The current research assesses various joining techniques such as an adhesive bond, direct three-dimensional printing, and ultrasonic welding for dissimilar three-dimensional printed thermoplastics such as polylactic acid and wood-reinforced polylactic acid biocomposite. This study is the first of its kind to determine an effective technique for joining three-dimensional printed polylactic acid/wood-polylactic acid profiles. Mechanical responses such as lap shear strength and shore D hardness of the various joints are investigated and compared experimentally. The results highlight that 15%–17% higher shear strength can be obtained for ultrasonically welded joints compared with direct three-dimensional printing of polylactic acid and wood polylactic acid lap joints. The macroscopic investigation of the ultrasonic welded polymeric joint exhibits a good level of melting of polymers and wetting in the interface. This results in an inter-molecular diffusion of polymeric chains and entanglement of polymers under respective conditions.
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Polylactic acid is a promising future polymer. Biodegradable polymers are a topical issue in society, which is why this topic, the nonwoven polylactic textiles, was created. The aim of this work is to present the synthesis of lactic acid and polylactic acid. Furthermore, the production of nonwoven fabrics and finally the production of nonwoven fabrics from polylactic acid. The practical part is focused on characterization of elongation viscosity of polylactic acid in dependence on additions of plasticizer. Based on the knowledge of elongation viscosity, we want to determine which material is suitable for spinning.
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Abstract This study aims to provide an alternative fully green biodegradable 3D printing filament other than polylactic acid (PLA) with better properties and lower prices using a fully environmentally friendly process. Two filaments [polylactic acid (PLA) and polylactic acid/coconut fiber (PLA-CF)] to be purchased and used to prepare a similar samples under the same conditions which to undergo the same testing to obtain and compare their properties as well as for further comparison with other filaments. The samples are to be designed using SOLIDWORKS software according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)standards. The prepared designs are then to be converted to gcode using CURA software. FDM Creality 3D printer (Model: CR10S-PRO) to be used printing a set of specimens for each required test. The prepared samples then undergo several mechanical tests to specify their exact properties. PLA 3D filament roll had been purchased from Fabbxible Technology; Crystallized nature based NatureWorks made from corn starch. While Magma PLA-CF roll had been purchased from 3D Gadgets Malaysia. Both rolls had an average diameter of 1.75 mm and average length of 300 m.
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The advance in direct synthesis of polylactic acid is reviewed.Several methods directly synthesizing polylactic acid were summarized.Effects on molecular weight of polylactic acid produced by the direct melt/solution polycondensation were discussed.The mechanism of solid state polymerization of polylactic acid was explored.
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Polylactic acid, as a kind of degradable macromolecule materials, attracts extensive attention. However, the properties of polymer synthesized from lactic acid, such as mechanical strength, plasticity and so on, need be improved. Materials compounding is the method of improving the properties of polylactic acid. In this article, varieties and properties of composite materials with polylactic acid as the matrix were introduced, and their development prospect was discussed.
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본 연구에서는 바이오매스 기반 생분해성 고분자인 폴리락틱산(polylactic acid, PLA)에 호두껍질로부터 얻어진 천연 첨가제를 이용하여 기계적 물성이 향상된 복합 필름을 제조하였다. 또한, 복합 필름의 제조과정에서 소수성 실리카 나노입자를 도입하여 표면을 초소수성으로 개질하였다. 이러한 낮은 표면에너지를 갖는 초소수성 폴리락틱산 복합 필름은 미처리 폴리락틱산 필름 대비 단위 면적당 90.7% 이상의 유해 박테리아의 접착이 감소된 것을 확인하였다. 제조된 PLA 복합 필름은 기계적 물성이 향상되었으며, 동시에 생물체/무생물체 오염원에 대한 접착방지 및 자가세정 특성을 가지고 있기 때문에 식품산업에서 식품안전 및 식품위생 증진을 위한 식품포장재료, 식품보관재료, 식품접촉재료 등으로의 활용이 기대된다.
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The development of skin tissue engineering provides a non invasive method for skin restoration.As one of three key factors in tissue engineering,the cell scaffolds play an important role.To meet the requirements of cell scaffolds for tissue engineering in respect of mechanical property,physical structure and biocompatibility,the porous scaffolds of poly(DL lactide)(PDLLA),and poly(lactide co caprolactone)(PLACL)were first fabricated,then they were implanted into the muscle of rat back.The rats died at different times after implantation and the retrieved implants from each rat were observed and compared with acellular dermis matrix (ADM)having good biocompatibility.It was found that the degradation rate,mechanical properties,porosity,and pore size of PDLLA and PLACL scaffolds can be adjusted according to the requirements of skin tissue engineering.There were no obvious inflammatory cells after implanting of the materials,and the formed vasa in the scaffolds became similar with normal vasa and distributed evenly after 21 days.The biocompatibility of PDLLA and PLACL is not as good as ADM,but the foreign body reactions were not obvious.The scaffolds of PDLLA and PLACL can meet elementary requirements of skin tissue engineering.This study provides meaningful and experimental basis for further study of artificial skin of PLACL.
Biocompatibility
Artificial skin
Acellular Dermis
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