Polarization Model for the Hydration Forces.
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Abstract Van der Waals and electrostatic interactions are the dominant forces acting at the nanoscale and they have been reported to directly influence a range of phenomena including surface adhesion, friction, and colloid stability but their contribution on nanoparticle diffusion dynamics is still not clear. In this study we evaluated experimentally the changes in the diffusion coefficient of nanoparticles as a result of varying the magnitude of Van der Waals and electrostatic forces. We controlled the magnitude of these forces by varying the ionic strength of a salt solution, which has been shown to be a parameter that directly controls the forces, and found by tracking single nanoparticles dispersed in solutions with different salt molarity that the diffusion of nanoparticles increases with the magnitude of the electrostatic forces and Van der Waals forces. Our results demonstrate that these two concurrently dynamic forces play a pivotal role in driving the diffusion process and must be taken into account when considering nanoparticle behaviour.
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A model of an aqueous black film is proposed for investigating the influence of repulsive hydration forces on the film's dynamic stability. Attractive forces (van der Waals) and repulsive forces (electrical and hydration) are treated as body forces in the equation of motion. The hydration repulsion is due to the work needed to remove water molecules from hydrophilic surfaces at small film thicknesses and is described by an exponentially decaying interaction potential. A linear stability analysis is performed for a symmetrical black film. The two modes of vibration (bending and squeezing) of the film are stabilized by the repulsive hydration interaction. Parameters drawn from force measurements between interacting lipid bilayers are used to obtain values of marginal and dominant wavelengths. The theoretical predictions are discussed within the framework of vesicle–vesicle interaction and fusion.
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1. Introduction 2. Van der Waals Forces 3. Experimental Methods 4. Electrostatic Double-layer Forces 5. Capillary Forces 6. Hydrodynamic Forces 7. Interfacial Forces between Fluid Interfaces and across Thin Films 8. Contact Mechanics and Adhesion Friction 9. Solvation Forces and Non-DLVO Forces in Water 10. Surface Forces in Polymer Solutions and Melts 11. Solutions to Exercises
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