Median age at menopause in a rural population of western Kenya.
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This was a cross sectional descriptive study to discuss the median age of menopause in a rural area of Western Kenya. The broad objective of the study was to describe the demographic and biophysical characteristics of the study population and determine the age of menopause. A review of the current and medieval records shows average age of menopause has remained relatively constant at 50 years in contrast to the receeding age of menarche. A total of 1078 women aged between 40-60 years were interviewed. The majority (98.8%) were from one ethnic group, the Luhya. Of the 1078 women, 880 (81.4%) were married and 198 (18.6%) were single. The average number of children per woman was 7.74. Most of the women (75.1%) had attained primary school education. Their husbands were unskilled workers in 30.1% of the cases. The mean weight and height of the women was 60.74 kg and 161.1 cm respectively. Using methods of probit analysis, the median and modal age of menopause was found to be 48.28 years in this group of western Kenya women. If generalised for the whole country, these results suggest that an average Kenyan woman lives for over ten years beyond menopause. It is recommended that more attention should be given to the special health problems of postmenopausal population.This study describes the demographic and biophysical characteristics of rural menopausal women in Western Kenya. Menopause occurs as the gradual unresponsiveness of the human ovary to gonadotropins, premature ovarian failure at under 40 years, and menopause following surgical procedures of the uterus and ovaries. A 3-phase process starts with low serum estradiol and progesterone, followed by a rise in follicle stimulating hormone, and a rise in luteinizing hormone. Clinical symptoms include vasomotor ones, genitourinary ones, osteoporosis and increased incidence of bone fractures, increased incidence of thromboembolic and ischemic heart disease, and psychological symptoms of anxiety, depression, and memory loss. The age of menopause varies with socioeconomic conditions, race, parity, height, weight, skinfold thickness, lifestyle, and education. Data were obtained for this study from a sample of 1078 women from 7 sublocations in Vihiga division, Kenya. Women were aged 40-60 years. The most populous ethnic group was the Luhya. 81.6% were married, 15.6% were widowed, and 0.7% were divorced. 4 women had never been married. 75.1% had a primary school education; 18.6% had not received any formal education. 30.1% had husbands who were unskilled workers, 28.8% had husbands who were farmers, and 20.6% had husbands who were skilled workers. 1.3% had no children, and 1 woman had 17 children. The average number of children was 7.74. 9 of the nulliparous women were menopausal. The mean height was 161.1 cm. The median age at menopause was 48.28 years. Almost all women were menopausal by 55 years. The total fertility period averaged 35 years. Female life expectancy was 59 years.Keywords:
Menarche
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Introduction: The latest data by WHO show that 80% of TB cases in Europe are in the countries which have numerous Roma population. The number of Roma in Macedonia is 53 870 (2.66%). Aim: Our aim was to find out what is their participation in the total number of TB patients, what is their incidence and are they a risk group for TB and possible reasons for that. Patients and methods: For this purpose we analyzed data in latest six (6) years with special accent on Roma population with TB (gender, age, incidence). Results: We had 563 patients with TB in 2007; the incidence was 27.8/100 000 for general population, but the incidence for Roma people was 74.2/100 000. The next year incidence in Roma population was 59.4/100 000 and in general population 23.8/100 000. In 2009 the incidence in Roma population was 42.6/100 000 and in general population 23.4/100 000. The next year the incidence in Roma people was 70.5/100 000 and in general population 20.8/100 000. In 2011 the incidence in Roma people was 51.9/100 000 and in general population 17.9/100 000. The last year there were 356 regsitrated TB patients in the country with incidence of 17,2/100 000. The incidence of Roma people was 46,4/100 000. Conclusions: Roma are more vulnerable community. They are risk group for TB because their incidence is three times higher than in general population. Possible reasons for this are: substandard living conditions, lack of education and low rate of employment.
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To evaluate the bone mass condition in the different types of menopause and know if there is difference between the groups.Case reports.From September through November 2001 at the Specialties Hospital No. 1, we studied 184 patients with menopause. They were divided in 5 groups: 74 regular menopause, 31 surgical menopause and oophorectomy unilateral, 43 surgical menopause and bilateral oophorectomy, 32 premature menopause, and 4 post-radiotherapy menopause, analyzing the bone mass with a densitometry. The statistical analysis was by descriptive statistics and t student to find the difference between the groups.We observed 45% with osteopenia y 8% with osteoporosis in regular menopause. In surgical menopause and oophorectomy unilateral group, we found 26% with osteopenia and 6% with osteoporosis. There were 42% with ostepenia and 14% with osteopososis in surgical menopause and bilateral oophorectomy group. In premature menopause, we found 47% with osteopenia and 12% with osteoporosis. In post-radiotherapy menopause, we found 75% with osteopenia and 25% with osteoporosis. All of them with predominance in femur. We did not observe any significant difference between the surgical and the premature menopause groups.In a half of patients with menopause we found bone mass decrease with predominance in femur, like osteopenia. There was no significant difference between the surgical and the premature menopause groups.
Osteopenia
Premature Menopause
Oophorectomy
Surgical Menopause
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Age at menopause has been shown to have an impact on bone and heart health, with younger menopause age consistently associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and fracture. These risks are particularly high increased among women who encountering menopause at an early age, including women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and early menopause, due to a prolonged period of oestrogen deprivation. Several interventions are suggested to optimise the bone and cardiovascular health of women with menopause including lifestyle modification, dietary supplements, hormonal, and non-hormonal therapies. Hormone therapy (HT) is indicated for women with POI. For women with early menopause, there is a paucity of evidence for the management of bone and cardiovascular health. For women beyond the average age of menopause, HT is not indicated solely for bone protection and cardiovascular health. In this group, screening for bone and heart disease, as well as primary and secondary prevention, should be undertaken in line with national and international guidelines.
Premature Menopause
Bone Health
Surgical Menopause
Hypoestrogenism
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Objective To explore the influence factors of osteoporosis in perimenopausal women from northern Anhui and the health education. Methods A questionnaire survey and bone mineral density test were finished in the perimenopausal women undergoing healthy check-up from March 2010 to October 2012 in our hospital. Results The incidence of osteoporosis increased with the age of patients,and the difference in the incidence before and after the menopause was significant( P 0. 01); the incidence in women from cities was higher than that from countryside( P 0. 05); the incidence in knowledge workers was higher than that in manual workers( P 0. 05). The positive factors with BMD were: milk,live in the countryside; the negative ones with BMD were age,menopause age,procreative times,smoking,breast feeding,et al. Conclusion The main factors of osteoporosis were age,menopause,place of residence,occupation,birth status and the unhealthy life. Patients with osteoporosis should change the unhealthy lifestyle; receive more exercise,rational drug using and review regularly.
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Abstract Young women with a chemotherapy‐induced early menopause are theoretically at considerable risk of developing post‐menopausal osteoporosis with problems developing earlier and more severely. In this study bone mineral density (BMD) measurements were made, using a dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometer (DXA), at the spine and hip of 50 young women who had been treated for lymphoma, 24 of whom were post‐menopausal and 78, healthy age‐matched controls. On analysis of the results, there was no significant difference between the control group and the 26 post‐treatment, pre‐menopausal patients, but the BMD levels were significantly lower than the controls in the post‐menopausal group particularly in 16 patients who had been menopausal greater than 18 months. The results confirm that these young women with treatment‐induced premature menopause are at considerable risk of developing osteoporotic problems. Early recognition of this is important so that preventative measures with hormone replacement therapy can be initiated where this is safely possible. The results also indicate that chemotherapy for lymphoma (cytotoxics and high dose intermittent steroids), are unlikely to contribute directly to the lowering of the BMD of these patients.
Premature Menopause
Premature ovarian failure
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Premature Menopause
Hypoestrogenism
Anovulation
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Premature Menopause
Hypoestrogenism
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Objective: To obtain skeletal health condition on climacteric and postmenopausal women in Guangzhou community.Methods: 470 cases of climacteric and postmenopausal women from two communities of Guangzhou were measured for BUA of right calcaneus with the UBIS5000 instrument produced by the Diagnostic Medical Systems(DMS) Company in France,and were interviewed with our face-to-face questionnaire including some influencing factors.Results: The whole incidence of osteoporosis was 9.4% in our study.The incidence of osteoporosis in group of postmenopausal women was 3.9 times more than that in premenopausal women.In our study,the incidence of osteoporosis in women during five to ten years after menopause was relatively high,that in women during ten years after menopause was lower and five years after menopause was lowest.Conclusion: The incidence of osteoporosis in Guangzhou was lower than other places in China.The difference might be relating to the climate,economy and diet or culture background.
Climacteric
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