Nanomechanics of Biological Single Crystals
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Biomineralization is a process of creating crystalline structures under biological control. The process takes place in hard tissues, such as bones, cartilages, and teeth. Biominerals are a combination of a crystal phase deposited onto an organic matrix. Inorganic components are mainly responsible for the biomineral hardness, while the organic matrix controls the shape, size, and polymorph of the crystals. Within the organic matrix, proteins exhibit a special biomineralization activity. Among them, one can distinguish insoluble collagen and soluble noncollagenous proteins. It is particularly noteworthy that noncollagenous proteins are intrinsically disordered proteins. High flexibility, acidic nature, and susceptibility to modifications make them especially adapted to the biomineralization control. This review paper is dedicated to the proteins which are involved in biomineralization of bones and teeth.
Matrix (chemical analysis)
Mineralized tissues
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Supersaturation
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The compressibility of calcite to 40 kbar has been remeasured by using a piston-cylinder apparatus. Calcite 1 is found to transform to calcite 2 at 14.5 kbar with a volume change of 0.00483 cm3/g, and calcite 2 is found to change to calcite 3 at 17.4 kbar with a volume change of 0.01291 cm3/g. The volume compression data for the three phases are described by the following quadratic relations: Calcite 1 Calcite 2 Calcite 3 where P is pressure in kilobars. The compression data for calcite 1 and calcite 3 are in good agreement with those available in the literature. The data exhibiting an abnormally high compression of calcite 2 have been reported for the first time. The compression data for calcite 2 have been used to explain quantitatively the abnormal drop near 15 kbar observed in the ultrasonic sound velocity in calcite.
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Biomineralization is a common phenomenon in nature, and organisms can prepare functional materials with multi-level ordered structures through biomineralization. Herein, inspired by biomineralization, for the first time, we developed an amino acid quantum dots (ACDs)–CO2-Ca(OH)2 system to study the biomineralization process of CaCO3 in the presence of ACDs. The ACDs could not only control the morphology and crystal form of CaCO3 but also could be doped into CaCO3 during the formation of CaCO3 to form [email protected]3 organic–inorganic hybrid fluorescent materials which had excellent luminous ability. Meanwhile, the morphology and crystal form of CaCO3 could also be controlled by controlling the CO2 flow rate and rotation speed. After that, a possible biomineralization mechanism of CaCO3 in the presence of ACDs was proposed. Finally, the synthetic spherical [email protected]3 were applied to the field of biological imaging for the first time. Our work not only provides new bionic methods for the synthesis of multifunctional biomineralized materials and new insights for further understanding of biomineralization mechanism, but also the synthesized new biomineralization fluorescent materials have great application potential in the field of bioimaging.
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Abstract Calcite spherulites have been observed in many laboratory experiments with different bacteria, and spherulitic growth has received much interest in mineralogy research. However, the nucleation and growth mechanism, as well as geological significance of calcite spherulites in solution with bacteria is still unclear. Herein, spherulites composed of an amorphous core, a Mg-calcite body and an organic film were precipitated by the Curvibacter lanceolatus HJ-1 bacterial strain in a solution with a molar Mg/Ca ratio of 3. Based on the results, we provide a possible mechanism for the biomineralization of Mg-calcite spherulites. First, amorphous calcium carbonate particles are deposited and aggregated into a stable sphere-like core in combination with organic molecules. The core then acts as the nucleus of spherulitic radial growth. Finally, the organic film grows on the surface of Mg-calcite spherulites as a result of bacterial metabolism and calcification. These findings provide insight into the growth mode and crystallization of biogenic spherulites during biomineralization, and are of significance in the application of novel biological materials.
Amorphous calcium carbonate
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ABSTRACT Mineralogical analysis of calcite and Mg‐calcite by X‐ray diffraction requires that the samples be ground to a powder. Such grinding determines the particle size of the powder and the structural damage of the minerals. Both of these in turn affect the peak intensities recorded by the X‐ray machine. Most carbonate sediments are inhomogeneous; they contain both calcite and Mg‐calcite which are affected differently by grinding. Such differences cause quantitative analytical results to be inconsistent with the true mineralogical abundance. The two acceptable methods of analysis—(1) measurement of peak height from the base and (2) measurement of the area under the peak—were compared to determine if sample preparation affects the quantitative results. In samples with variable and relatively small amounts of calcite and Mg‐calcite the measurement of peak height yields more reproducible results than does the measurement of peak areas. Different proportions of particle size of the mineralogical components in a sample powder, affect proportionally more the peak areas than the peak heights. Extensive grinding causes structural damage of the component minerals which affects much more the peak areas than the peak heights. Thus for quantitative analyses of calcite and Mg‐calcite in inhomogeneous carbonate samples which require differing grinding times and have greatly variable amounts of calcite and Mg‐calcite, the peak height measurement seems to be a better method than peak area measurement.
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