Estimating The Economic Gains From Larger Tomato Transplant Cell Sizes
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This paper examines the costs and economic benefits of utilizing larger seedling transplant in commercial vegetable production. Larger transplants have been shown to mature earlier and yield more premium graded fruit. Offsetting these benefits is the increased cost of producing larger transplants, primarily from reducing the capacity of a transplant house.Cite
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the economic viability of tomato cultivation in a system of organic farming, and to compare it with the conventional farming system. The fixed and variable costs of both cultivation systems were calculated, as well as the costs of disease control with the application of alternative products and pesticides. The revenues were computed using commercial production and the direct sales price. The total cost per area was higher in the conventional system, while the cost per plant was greater in the organic system, since it used a lower plant population density. In the conventional system, 2.33 times more was spent on plant management, due to the fact that the number of sprayings was greater than that carried out in organic farming. We further find that companion planting with other species such as coriander, in addition to helping with the management of the main crop, is important for economic sustainability as it is an extra source of income. Considering the specificities of the two systems, the profitability of organic cultivation, even accounting for its lower productivity , could exceed that of conventional cultivation.
Variable cost
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The walnut industry in Australia is entering a rapid expansion phase. The quest for earlier and higher yields has led towards a trend in planting higher density orchards. Higher tree densities make an earlier commercial yield possible. Economic performance was tested using an economic analysis, expressed as the Internal Rate of Return. The analysis was used to appraise the effect of tree density and establishment costs. The key indicators for economic performance were marketable yield and commodity price. Profitability of an orchard is maximised by establishing high quality trees at the lowest price. With a high degree of care higher density orchards may be more profitable provided financial and production risks are managed well.
Tree (set theory)
Production cost
Tree planting
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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is among the most important vegetables grown in Kenya. Its popularity as a commercial crop is on the rise compared to other cash crops like coffee, due to declining land sizes as it can be grown on small-scale. It is mainly grown in the open-field, but the prevalence of greenhouse tomato growing is also noteworthy. Greenhouse tomato production is less susceptible to diseases and weather conditions. However, the uptake of the greenhouse tomato growing technology has been wanting, with the cost of greenhouse installation and maintenance being quoted as the key impediment. But studies in other places have revealed that in the long run, when entire costs and returns are taken into account, use of the technology is economically viable. Using survey data from 216 tomato producers, this study compared the profitability of greenhouse and open-field tomato production systems in Nakuru-North district. The study used Gross margin and Net Profit to determine and compare the profitability levels for both greenhouse and open-field tomato production systems. The results indicate that the mean net profit/m2 for greenhouse tomato was more than 10 times higher than that of open-field tomato production system. The study therefore, recommends promotion of greenhouse tomato production for improved smallholder livelihoods.
Cash crop
Gross margin
Net profit
Lycopersicon
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The increased population density, coupled with changes in dietary habits in developing countries towards high quality food and the increasing use of grains for livestock feed is projected to increase demand for food production by 70% by 2050. Crop yields would continue to grow but at a slower rate than in the past. Yield growth will play an important role as only a slow expansion of agricultural land is expected. Future yield increases on lands currently supporting high production levels must come from continued yield enhancing genetic modifications. The most important grain and feed is maize. Genetic improvement has not only contributed to yield increases but also to other desirable plant components such as resistance to lodging and tolerance to increased plant populations, insects, and diseases. Maize production has increased from 200 million tons in 1960 to over 800 million tons in 2011 but has not changed very much recently. The reviews suggest that the overall assessment of farm-level costs and benefits of GM maize has severe limitations. Nonetheless, GM maize is a potential tool to increase farmers' income and thus might contribute to poverty reduction and sustainable social and rural economic development, especially in developing countries. The results support the contention that the adoption of GM maize leads on average to a higher economic performance, i.e., benefits, for farmers than conventional (non-GM) crops. An important finding of the analysis is that the kind and magnitude of benefits are heterogeneous across crops, traits, countries and regions. However, while the literature on the economic impact of GM crops has grown in recent years there is still a need for more comparative studies across space and time in order to pin down these impacts and allow for a better assessment of the contribution that this technology can make to sustainable development.
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The objective is to present the economic impact of producers adopting Bt cotton and the rapid diffusion on the main producing countries: USA, China and India. The existing literature about this type of transgenic crop has been revised and the results of different research are presented. Bt cotton varieties have been quickly adopted by the countries in this study. Data show that this technology helps reduce production losses and significantly decrease the use of pesticides, thus saving their cost and the associated labour cost. But the total cost reduction is weak due to the high prices of the seeds incorporating this technology.
Bt Cotton
Crop Production
Production cost
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H istorically, the use of transplants in the production of crops has been used on tobacco, timber, and many vegetables. Transplant use is justified if risk is reduced, yields increase, higher market prices are achieved, or production costs are reduced. If one or more of the above conditions is not satisfied, then directseeding in the field generally is selected as the primary method of starting the crop. As demand for greater yield increases to offset higher production costs farmers turn more and more to techniques to provide higher returns. In the past 20 years, we have witnessed changes in the use of higher-cost production methods, such as plastic mulch, drip irrigation, pesticides, and laser-planing of land. The use of hybrid varieties has increased costs dramatically. When seed cost increases, the farmer no longer can afford to waste seed in direct-seeding; this therefore has spurred the increased use of transplants. All of these new costs place more pressure on the efficient use of seed and/or transplants, Bare-root seedlings generally were accepted until the mid-1960s. After that time, transplants produced in individual cells were observed to produce higher yields. Other proven advantages included less seedling stress at transplanting, more-uniform growth, and a higher degree of plant survival. All this time, Leisey and Todd Farms in Sun City, Fla. (later to be known as Speedling, Inc.), were working to improve cauliflower production methods with transplants. In 1968, the development of the transplant flats produced superior results, and a patent was granted in 1970 for their unique flat design. From 1968 to 1973, Florida tomato, pepper, and cauliflower growers were changing to this system as fast as Leisey and Todd could build greenhouses. The farmers were seeing
Transplanting
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Whitefly
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Based on the data of cost profits of rape, soybean and peanut in the years of 1985 and 2000 in China, this paper analyzes the cost benefits and their influencing factors of three oil crops. The result shows that the annual growth rate of the costs for the three oil crops exceeds 10% from 1985 to 2000 which exceeds the annual growth rates of the output values of the three oil crops respectively. This causes the declining tendency of the net profits of the three oil crops. The increase of production cost of the three oil crops is due to the rise of means of production and labor cost. In 2000, among the three oil crops, peanut gained the highest benefits because of its high per unit area yield and price, while, because of its low price and high cost of production, rape gained the lowest benefits in spite of its high per unit area yield and soybean gained lower benefits because of its low per unit area yield despite its low cost of production. In order to increase the benefits of oil crops, it’s critical for rape to reduce the cost of production,especially through spreading labor-saving cultivation techniques to reduce labor cost. For soybean, the key point is to increase its per unit area yield.
Labor cost
Unit cost
Production cost
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This paper examines the costs and economic benefits of utilizing larger seedling transplant in commercial vegetable production. Larger transplants have been shown to mature earlier and yield more premium graded fruit. Offsetting these benefits is the increased cost of producing larger transplants, primarily from reducing the capacity of a transplant house.
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Oil crops occupies an important place in theEgyptian Agricultural Savin, come to their importance in the demand derived from the demand for the production of food plant oils , which form a pattern prevailed for the Egyptian consumers, some oil crops grown for the use of its products for the purposes of bilateral or trilateral. The peanut harvest of export crops important addition to being one of the many crops to use and is characterized by high net yield of it compared to other crops. The research Targeting answer to previous questions and to try to develop solutions to overcome the problems that hinder the increased production of the crop peanuts in Egypt, especially as it crops which enjoys high quality in the territories does not bestow the cultivation of other field crops, as research aims to identify the most influential variable in response farmers to grow the crop and the study of functions and production costs for this crop. The results indicate that the average annual area planted peanuts estimated at about 137, 70 feddan during the period (2009-2012), the average productivity Per feddan which is estimated at 17.59 Ardeb, while the average production of about 4352,20 million Ardeb for the same period referred to, Results also indicated response function width of the crop that the most important economic factors affecting the area planted peanuts in Egypt is the net yield per feddan of maize crop summer, summer tomatoes, sesame. The estimated production functions and costs for the three classes of possessory crop in the study sample. Finally, research suggests the following: 1- The development of varieties of high productivity copes with the Egyptian conditions with the application of Modern Technology in Agricultural Methods with the help of research organizations and Agricultural extension. 2- Work to increase the Organic fertilizer and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer where it leads to increased production and reduced costs as indicated by the results of the study sample. 3- Encourage the establishment of factories involved in manufacturing main production areas such as the provinces of Nubaria and Lower Egypt (El-Beheira – El-Sharkeya - Ismailia) to encourage farmers to increase their production and supply at affordable prices.
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