Abstract:
This chapter provides a detailed view on itch neurobiology and pathology. Pain is not the only defense mechanism that alerts us to a physical hazard – the other is itch, an unpleasant sensation that is distinct from pain because it provokes the desire to scratch. Although pain and itch feel different, these two sensations share many qualities. Both are aversive sensations that evolved to protect us. Moreover, both can become pathological, developing into chronic debilitating conditions that ruin one's quality of life. The chapter discusses the limited number of genetic mutations in humans and in mice that have been found to affect itch sensitivity. One spinal interneuron subtype that appears to be critical for itch in particular is a population that expresses gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR). Ablation of this population using a saporin conjugate results in mice that respond normally to painful stimuli but are insensitive to pruritogens.Keywords:
Sensation
Neurogenic inflammation
For more than a century neurogenic inflammation has been proposed to have a role in various human diseases. The present review will cover the conceptual steps of the itinerary that has led to the conclusion that neurogenic inflammation is important in migraine. Of particular relevance for the object of this article is the observation that tachykin–independent neurogenic inflammatory responses are evident in rodents, but much less pronounced or absent in other mammal species, including man, whereas neurogenic vasodilatation, most likely mediated by CGRP, occurs in most mammalian species and also in man. Recent evidence that a CGRP receptor antagonist was effective in the treatment of migraine attack supports the hypothesis that neurogenic vasodilatation is a major underlying mechanism of migraine.
Neurogenic inflammation
Pain medicine
Cortical Spreading Depression
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Gratification
Punishment (psychology)
Delay of gratification
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Dehumanization
Social dominance orientation
Dominance (genetics)
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The correlation of itch and other sensations, such as touch and types of pain, has been a matter of controversy for years and has not been settled conclusively. The purpose of the present work was to correlate the perception of itch in areas of the skin where varied sensory recovery had occurred in spinal cord injuries. This opportunity presented itself on the wards of patients with spinal cord injuries at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Ill. Bishop3described itch as having the following characteristics: It is elicited from pain rather than from touch areas. It follows as the after-effect of prick, which is itself a mild form of pain. Its effective stimulus is one which persists at one spot rather than requiring movement-like tickle. Itch, like prick or pain, may follow summation of rapidly repeated stimuli, any one of which may be relatively ineffective. Itch does not show adaptation,
Sensation
Pain sensation
Burning Sensation
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Sensation
Psychic
Sensation Seeking
Pain sensation
Thermal sensation
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People who judge their relationships as more supportive enjoy better mental health than people who judge their relationships more negatively. We investigated how people made these judgments; specifically, how people weighed different types of information about targets under three different conditions: when judgments reflected the personality of perceivers, the objective characteristics of targets, and the unique relationships between perceivers and targets. Participants (i.e., perceivers) judged the same four videotaped targets on personality, similarity to perceivers and likely supportiveness. As in previous research, perceivers based their judgments on perceived target similarity to perceivers, and on target personality. However, how perceivers weighed personality and similarity information varied dramatically depending upon whether the judgment reflected the personality of perceivers, the objective characteristics of targets, or the relationship between perceivers and targets. Implications for understanding how people make support judgments were discussed.
Similarity (geometry)
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Let us use ‘sensation’ such that we can talk about ‘visual sensation’ and ‘auditory sensation’, and such that ‘sensation’ cannot readily be pluralized (cf. ‘intelligence’, ‘imagination’). It then makes sense to talk about the “objects” involved in sensation. For example, if someone sees red, where his seeing red is a case of sensation, then there is an “object” involved in the situation in the sense that we can talk about “what” he sees. One of the enduring problems in philosophy is to try to determine the status of such objects.
Sensation
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Sensation
Stimulus (psychology)
Burning Sensation
Thermal sensation
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Neurogenic inflammation
Axon reflex
Tachykinin receptor
Sensory nerve
Neurokinin A
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