Review of calculational models and computer codes for environmental dose assessment of radioactive releases
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The development of technological bases for siting nuclear fuel cycle facilities requires calculational models and computer codes for the evaluation of risks and the assessment of environmental impact of radioactive effluents. A literature search and review of available computer programs revealed that no one program was capable of performing all of the great variety of calculations (i.e., external dose, internal dose, population dose, chronic release, accidental release, etc.). Available literature on existing computer programs has been reviewed and a description of each program reviewed is given.Keywords:
Computer program
Providing a variety of attributes in products is an important way of attracting customers, but it often increases complexity and managerial cost. We drew on two data sets collected in the automotive sector to explore the link between external variety (the variety offered the customer) and internal variety (the variety involved in creating the product). We found that these two dimensions can be independent of each other. External variety is problematic for firms producing to forecast, and handling internal variety is challenging for firms building products to order. The effectiveness of strategies to mitigate variety's negative effects, such as modularity, mutability, late configuration, and option bundling, depends on the order-fulfillment strategy the firm follows.
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Order fulfillment
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Two forms of variety have been noted in organizational processes: sequential and configural. These describe variations in how a work process is ordered (sequential) or what is involved in enacting each work activity (configural). Each has been mainly studied in isolation. In organizations, these two types of variety are always co-present and scholars will miss important insights if their dependencies and interactions are not examined. This calls for theorizing and empirical inquiries regarding how these two types of variety are related and how digitalization influences them. Our contribution in this paper is to call attention to the need to analyze these forms of variety simultaneously and invite a more thorough treatment of both forms of variety. The results of this exploratory study indicate that digitalization increases configural variety, but decreases sequential variety, that sequential and configural variety are positively related, and that sequential variety increases in concert with process size.
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Since the introduction of the related variety in 2007, a number of studies have been undertaken to analyze the effect of related variety on economic development. Our review of 21 studies makes clear that most studies find support for the initial hypothesis that related variety supports employment growth, though some studies suggest that the growth effects of related variety may be specific to knowledge-intensive sectors only. From the review, we list a number of further research questions regarding: methodology, the role of unrelated variety, different forms of relatedness, and the effect of related variety on knowledge production and entrepreneurship.
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Financial engineering
Financial Management
Systems Thinking
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Preface Introduction PART I: HISTORY OF VARIETY PERFORMANCE Britain's Got Talent The Variety Bill Music Hall becomes Variety The Golden Age of Variety Variety Falls Apart PART II: PERFORMANCE DYNAMICS Personality Participation Skill Novelty PART III: VARIETY PERFORMANCE TODAY Variety Now Bibliography
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Sociolinguists who study varieties of language often need to make decisions about whether a particular linguistic element or expression constitutes a feature of the variety being studied. Comparing the specific variety, for instance, a variety of English, with the parent or native form of English is generally carried out to examine for systematic differences between the two forms. The task becomes more challenging when the feature of interest involves figurative meaning such as idioms and idiomatic expressions. In a recently completed project that sought to examine idioms in Nigerian English, questions and issues about methodology were raised. Among these were the questions of how idioms in the regional variety could be identified as distinct from idioms that are originally found in the parent variety, and more importantly, what evidence could be offered to support claims that a particular idiom is a feature of the regional variety. In this article, we discuss the issues connected with the difficulty of examining idioms in a specific variety of English known as Nigerian English, and propose a framework for evaluating the idioms.
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In deciding whether non-native English is to be classified as a new variety or simply as learner language, a yardstick is needed against which the candidate variety can be tested. This paper offers such criteria for ESL-variety status, based on the three processes in the development of a new variety: expansion in function, nativization of form and institutionalization of a new standard. The criteria are exemplarily applied to the case of non-native English spoken on the European Continent, a recent controversial contender for variety status. It is suggested that if the proposed criteria are applied, Euro-English does not qualify as a New English.
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This study examines conflict that can co-determine the effectiveness of nonprofit organization performance. Based on Ashby’s law of requisite variety, interorganizational conflict is defined in terms of a lack of fit between input variety and variety-handling capabilities. The calculated organizational interaction effectiveness (IE) ratio of 2.04 is used to determine the quality of interactions. “Flexibility” is the dominant category for helpful incidents (49.03%). Within non-helpful incidents (45.67%), however, “Unreliability” is the dominant category. This major source of conflict commonly produces an imbalance between flexibility and reliability as manifest by a mismatch between input variety and variety-handling capabilities.
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