Facial Shape Variation of U.S. Respirator Users
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Variation (astronomy)
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Landmark
Abstract Two experiments investigated how people develop different landmark knowledge at decision points. Participants learned a route in a virtual city once or five times. One distinctive landmark was placed at each intersection of the route. At test, participants were released at each intersection according to the learning order and were required to determine the turning direction. At each intersection, the landmark was removed (no landmark), correctly placed (one landmark), duplicated on the other side (two identical landmarks), or misplaced from another intersection (two different landmarks) to disrupt the landmark sequence. The results suggested that humans develop different landmark knowledge (landmark knowledge for guidance, landmark knowledge for place recognition and knowledge of landmark sequence) with different navigation experience.
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Protection Factors provided by 25 NIOSH approved supplied-air respirators were determined while the devices were worn by a panel of test subjects anthropometrically selected to represent adult facial sizes. Polydispersed DOP aerosol was used for respirator fit tests on continuous flow, demand, and pressure-demand respirators. Based on facepiece leakage measurements it appears that demand-type respirators should neither be used nor approved. The highest level of protection was provided by pressure-demand devices.
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【The purposes of this study were to assess current status of respirator usage among workers in the small-scale industries and to identify those factors causing respirator wearers not to continuously wear respirators during work. Total 168 workers participated voluntarily in the survey. In order to cover all possible reasons, though not exclusive, 33 diverse questions were developed based upon the results in the published literatures and from researchers' own experience. The most common type of respirator worn was the disposable single-use respirator(42%). However, masks made of gauze, which should not be considered as a respirator, were widely used (38%). Only 28% of respondents indicated they wear respirators continuously during work. The major reasons for removing respirators include, in descending order of frequency, difficulty in breathing (46%), sweating (39%), bothered by frequent removal (21%), inadequate mask size (19%) and hot air temperature inside the respirator (19%), etc. In addition, minor reasons including mask design, administrative, and personal reasons were also identified. These reasons should be considered in a well designed respirator program in order to improve workers' acceptance and usage of respirators.】
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Existing landmark retrieval methods cannot provide a comprehensive solution, by which user can view different angles of landmark. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to reconstruct and retrieve 3D landmark models by direct 2D to 3D matching. In an offline module, firstly, attention-based 3D reconstruction method is proposed to reconstruct sparse 3D landmark models. Secondly, we construct textured 3D landmark model for each sparse 3D landmark model. Finally, a 3D landmark recognizer is built for each landmark based on the 3D landmark model. In online module, query images are recognized by the 3D landmark recognizers using a 2D to 3D matching approach. For each recognized query image, a 3D landmark model and a 3D landmark texture model are presented as a query result. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.
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There are many types of respirators used in residential environment for individual respiratory protection. Many factors may influence the protective performance of respirators. This paper tries to review the factors in the research development of self-inhalation filter type respiratory protective technology against polluted air in residential environment. Those factors mainly include the leakage; respirator fit test panels, constructing fibers and respirator performance test method. The conclusions from the reviewed literatures show that: (1) the leakage of respirator worn on individuals may be an important reason for the decrease of respirator’s protection. (2) The respirator fit test panels should be developed in advance because they are vital to the good design and the valid test of respirators. (3) The fibers for the filtering part of respirators may be also important to the protective performance of the respirators. Low inhalation resistance and high filtering efficiency are the expectation to a good respirator. (4) The respirator test method applied for evaluating the protective performance depends on the location or environment of the used respirator. Howsoever, the challenge and the most penetrating particle size should be considered before confirming the respirator test method.
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Filtering facepiece respirators should protect people in healthcare settings and in research and diagnostic laboratories from infection from biological agents or from other hazardous particles. To ensure sufficient personal protection, a properly fitting respirator is imperative. However, data about the usefulness of testing the proper fit of such respirators conflict. Some data from health care settings indicate no difference in performance when the respirators were fit-tested or not fit-tested, but other data suggest better performance when respirators were fit-tested. The goal of this study was to quantitatively test in a laboratory environment the fitting of different filtering facepiece type 3 (FFP3) respirators from various manufacturers and to determine the parameters that are important for a good fit-factor. Another aim was to identify the best-fitting respirator for individuals who wear FFP3 respirators during their daily work in a laboratory/animal room environment. The quantitative fit-testing of respirators was performed using a TSI Portacount®Pro+ Respirator Fit Tester (TSI Incorporated, Shoreview, MN). Fourteen individuals at two different Swiss institutions were tested with 10 different commercially available FFP3 respirators. Only 2 of 14 individuals passed the fit-test with all 10 respirators, and 2 of 14 individuals passed the fit-test with only three respirators. Performance of the respirators varied greatly for the different individuals, and the findings show that several factors contribute to the fitting of a respirator, such as the type of the respirator and the proper donning of the respirator. Study results confirm that a respirator fit-test is necessary because workers often fail to achieve sufficient protection with their respirators.
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This study was conducted to investigate the protection of disposable filtering half-facepiece respirators of different grades against particles between 0.093 and 1.61 μ m. A personal sampling system was used to particle size-selectively assess the protection of respirators. The results show that about 10.9% of FFP2 respirators and 28.2% of FFP3 respirators demonstrate assigned protection factors (APFs) below 10 and 20, which are the levels assigned for these respirators by the British Standard. On average, the protection factors of FFP respirators were 11.5 to 15.9 times greater than those of surgical masks. The minimum protection factors (PFs) were observed for particles between 0.263 and 0.384 μ m. No significant difference in PF results was found among FFP respirator categories and particle size. A strong association between fit factors and protection factors was found. The study indicates that FFP respirators may not achieve the expected protection level and the APFs may need to be revised for these classes of respirators.
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A respirator is a device designed to help provide the wearer with respiratory protection against inhalation of airborne contaminants. Increasing the filtration level of a particle respirator does not increase the respirator's ability to reduce a user's exposure to contaminants. The APF of a respirator, which is affected by the respirator style, determines the potential for exposure reduction. Surgical masks that are not approved as filtering facepiece half-mask respirators do not have an APF and should not be used for reducing workers' exposures to particles in the air.
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