Neoglycoconjugates as Probes in Glycobiology
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Glycobiology
Glycoconjugate
Biomolecule
Recombinant glycoproteins derived from the HIV env gene are available and are under evaluation as antigens in vaccines against AIDS. The importance of the glycoconjugate structure for eliciting a protective immune response by these proteins is incompletely known. In this report we devise a method for the characterization of the glycoconjugate and demonstrate gross differences in the composition of the carbohydrate moiety in glycoproteins derived from the HIV env gene when expressed in different cell lines.
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Membrane glycoproteins
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It is now recognized that many proteins are in fact glycosylated, (1) and that the attached carbohydrate chains or glycans can have significant effects on the physical properties and biological activity of the protein (2, 3). The detection of carbohydrates in glycoconjugates, and in particular in glycoproteins, is therefore a subject which is increasingly being addressed by researchers.
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Carbohydrates are important constituents of biomolecules and natural products. In particular, glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans and cell-surface glycoconjugates are known to play various roles in biologically important phenomena. In spite of that, precise analysis of their functions has been hindered by their structural diversity and complexity. Synthetic organic chemistry is considered to be powerful in solving problems associated with their biological functions. Under such circumstances, major part of research in our group has been directed to the synthesis and functional analysis of glycoconjugate oligosaccharides of various origins. This account aims to summarize my research history in carbohydrate chemistry, which mainly covers 1) development of methodologies for oligosaccharide synthesis, 2) approaches to stereoselective glycoside bond formation, 3) synthetic studies on glycoconjugate glycan chains, and 4) analyses of glycoprotein processing and protein quality control system, and 5) studies on carbohydrate binding natural products.
Glycoconjugate
Glycobiology
Oligosaccharide
Carbohydrate chemistry
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Glycomics
Functional Diversity
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The purpose of the thesis was to make an overview of the field of glycobiology in order to explain the importance of this science. Until recently, carbohydrates were thought to be molecules whose sole function is to provide energy to the organism, but the field of glycobiology revealed that these nutrients are used for synthesis of glycoconjugates, and that they also determine properties of these compounds. Carbohydrates have numerous vital functions as part of glycoconjugates such as: taking part in immune response, preventing tumor growth and metastasis, inducing nerve myelination and conducting nerve signals, they act as receptors for molecules and compounds produced by the body or the ones that are coming from the environment, including microorganisms etc. Performance of glycoconjugates and sugars is enabled by lectins – proteins that bind carbohydrates and that take part in the functioning of these molecules. The thesis show which are the main monosaccharides comprised in the glycoconjugates and shortly explains their role.
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Glycobiology
Monosaccharide
Nutrient Sensing
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Glycobiology
Glycoconjugate
N-Acetylglucosamine
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Abstract Glycobiology is the comprehensive biological investigation of carbohydrates. The study of the role and function of complex carbohydrates often requires the attachment of carbohydrates to surfaces, their tagging with fluorophores, or their conversion into natural or non‐natural glycoconjugates, such as glycopeptides or glycolipids. Glycobiology and its “omics”, glycomics, require easy and robust chemical methods for the construction of these glycoconjugates. This review gives an overview of the rapidly expanding field of chemical reactions that selectively convert unprotected carbohydrates into glycoconjugates through the anomeric position. The discussion is divided in terms of the anomeric bond type of the newly formed glycoconjugates, including O‐, N‐, S‐, and C‐glycosides.
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Glycobiology
Glycomics
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Glycoconjugates play important roles in biological systems via recognition of oligosaccharides. Natural glycoconjugates are much too complicated for the currently available analytical and separation methodologies to allow dissection of their individual roles in biological systems to be clearly defined. Therefore chemical and enzymatic syntheses to produce useful quantities of oligosaccharides of definitive structures are very important in understanding functions of glycoconjugates. Refinement of oligosaccharide synthesis for mass production and cost reduction is urgently needed for development of glycobiotechnology.
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Glycobiology
Oligosaccharide
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Carbohydrates are the basis for many therapeutic and diagnostic strategies, yet the full potential of glycans in medicine has not been realized. The study of the precise role of different carbohydrates, bound to either proteins or lipids, is hampered by difficulties in accessing pure, well-defined glycoconjugates. This Review highlights recent advances in glycobiology with a particular emphasis on oligosaccharide synthesis and conjugation techniques for the construction of homogeneous glycoconjugates. New methods for the study of protein-glycan interactions such as carbohydrate arrays and in vivo visualization of glycosylation pattern changes will also be addressed. The development of glycotherapeutics is just beginning, and much remains to be understood about the relationship between glycoconjugate structure and function. The emergence of novel tools will certainly facilitate and expand the use of carbohydrates in therapeutics and diagnostics.
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Glycobiology
Oligosaccharide
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The interactions of cell surface carbohydrates as well as of soluble glycoconjugates with their receptor proteins rule fundamental processes in cell biology. One of the supramolecular principles underlying and regulating carbohydrate recognition is multivalency. Many multivalent glycoconjugates have therefore been synthesized to study multivalency effects operative in glycobiology. This review is focused on smaller multivalent structures such as glycoclusters emphasizing carbohydrate-centered and heteromultivalent glycoconjugates. We are discussing primary, secondary and tertiary structural aspects including approaches to organize multivalency.
Glycoconjugate
Glycobiology
Glycocalyx
Molecular Recognition
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Glycoconjugate
Glycobiology
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