Radiation Management for Infectious Waste from Nuclear Medicine Studies
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An industrial waste management service has refused to collect medical waste from our hospital owing to radioactive contamination found in the waste in July 2000. An investigation revealed that the "three-way stopcock" and handling diapers used for radioisotope examination were the radioactive contaminants. We therefore reconsidered the system of medical waste maintenance especially for radioactive materials Since February 2001, we have resumed radiation maintenance by following the manual for the handling diapers of patients administered radiopharmaceuticals issued by five organizations associated with JRS, JSRT, JSNM, JSNMT, and JARPM. A major change was to check the radioactive waste at the individual departments and at a centralized check system This eliminated the problem of dumping radioactive material into medical waste as well as resolving the concerns of the industrial waste management serviceKeywords:
medical waste
radioactive contamination
The radioactive contamination detected in various media at the Hanford Works and vicinity for the quarter October, November and December, 1948, is summarized. Included are meteorological data, airborne contamination and air radiation levels, alpha and beta contamination in the Columbia River, beta contamination in rain and snow, alpha and beta contamination in drinking water, beta contamination on vegetation, and alpha and beta contamination in Hanford wastes. (ACR)
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Hanford Site
Air contamination
Water contamination
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This paper describes a computer program for the classification of a surface contamination with radioisotopes to record numerous events from contamination to decontamination using a personal computer. This software enables a staff to print out numbers and contents of contantinations according to indices as well as whole data concerning each contamination. The relationships among causes of contamination, places contaminated and so on were easily analyzed. The data of comtamination were utilized for training users to handle radioisotopes more safely.
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Personal computer
Human decontamination
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We examined the characteristics of the radioactive contamination and the physical removal of radioactivity from contaminated cabbage and spinach. In a distribution imaging study, there were two types of contamination, spot type and spread type, of cabbage and spinach. The relative radioactivity (PSL) of the face of the leaf was much higher than that of the back of a leaf of cabbage. The ratio of relative radioactivity (PSL) between spot contamination and spread contamination in a leaf of spinach was 9.4% and 90.6%, respectively. More than 80% of radioactivity attaches to the surface of leaves of spinach. There was no significant difference of radioactivity removal between hand-washing and rinsing with running water. The degree of removal of radioactivity from contaminated spinach depended on the length of time between contamination and rinsing. When contaminated spinach was rinsed within 1 week after contamination, the removal ratio of 131I and 137Cs was high, with 50% and 70%, respectively. When rinsing contaminated spinaches more than 2 weeks after contamination, the removal ratio of 131I and 137Cs was low, approximately 34% and 69%, respectively.
radioactive contamination
Human decontamination
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Significant regression dependencies between ambient equivalent dose rate and 137Cs contamination density, as well as between 137Cs and 90Sr contamination densities were obtained. An economically inexpensive approach to estimating the density of soil contamination by 137Cs, 90Sr, and plutonium isotopes with controlled uncertainties has been proposed and tested. The approach allows also the immediate evaluation of the density of radionuclide soil contamination even if there is a contamination gradient within the agricultural land.
radioactive contamination
Contaminated land
Agricultural land
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Results of some practical measurements of uranium industry surface contamination using a dual phosphor contamination probe are presented. From these results it is concluded that the alpha probe measurements are unsuitable, and that beta probe measurements or indirect monitoring by 'smears' should be used. Response figures for various levels of surface contamination are given for the particular contamination probe used.
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Quantitative assessment of radioactive contamination is a desirable aim in any department using radionuclides. Guidance is available for calibration of contamination monitors with sealed reference sources but the calibrations obtained in this way are of limited practical use. In this work, we examined methods for calibration using radionuclides used in the hospital workplace. Calibration factors (s−1 per Bq·cm−2) were obtained for 99mTc, 131I, 90Y and 89Sr for three types of monitor for a range of contamination areas, and minimum detectable activities were calculated. Of the three detectors evaluated, the Berthold LB122/LB6357F proved the most sensitive for all radionuclides tested. The effect of contamination area was found to be significant; calibration factors for a particular monitor varied by up to a factor of 4 with contamination area, which has important implications, for example in the estimation of skin doses. User departments need to be aware of this variation and how to correct for it.
radioactive contamination
Contamination control
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The measurement of α/β radioactive surface contamination level is one of the necessary steps in the radioactivity monitoring work, and the measurement result is also an important basis for determining the contamination. For workplaces prone to radioactive contamination, routine contamination monitoring on the ground and equipment surface should be carried out regularly, which is very important to prevent contamination diffusion and reduce unnecessary exposure of personnel to radiation. At present, most of the α/β surface contamination monitors are portable (hand-held or vehicle-mounted) monitoring devices, but there are the following two problems: First, the detection area of portable monitoring device is small, resulting in low monitoring efficiency and time-consuming, which unable to meet the needs of the surface contamination monitoring in the entire area of radioactive sites. Second, after the nuclear accident, the level of surface contamination in radioactive sites is relatively high, and direct measurement of personnel will inevitably result in different degrees of radiation damage. Therefore, in order to solve the above problems, an intelligent robot for surface contamination monitoring has been developed. Based on an array of large-area surface contamination detectors, combined with positioning and navigation (SLAM) and wireless transmission technology, it has realized the autonomous, rapid and remote intelligent monitoring of surface contamination in the entire area of radioactive sites. The device not only reduces the unnecessary radiation to personnel, but also improves the level and intelligence of radiation monitoring device.
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Contamination control
Radiation monitoring
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The report summarizes the extent and magnitude of the radioactive contamination detected in the environs of the Hanford Works. Included are meteorological data, ariborne contamination and air radiation levels, alpha and beta contamination in the Columbia River, alpha and beta-gamma contamination in drinking water and test wells, beta contamination in rain, beta contamination on vegetation, and alpha and beta contamination in Hanford wastes. (ACR)
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Hanford Site
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radioactive contamination
Air contamination
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