The Research of Chinese Karst Ecological Hydrology
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Karst environment is very common in southwest China. Soil and vegetation are the most sensitive elements for the variation of karst environment. The weathering of carbonate is important soil formation mechanism in karst area. But its soil forming ability is so poor that the thickness of soil layer becomes thin by the water erosion, though the soil loss is insignificant but serious. The karst process, the ecology process, the hydrology process are three important circulation mechanisms in the karst multiple media environment. In the Chinese North and South karst area, the eco-environmental protection and restoration has already been the important part as the national territorial resources and the environmental comprehensive development and management. The character of karst plants mainly depends on the environmental conditions, i. e. lack of water, richness of Ca, poor soil and shortage of organic matter. The plants have low growth pace and low life-form resource; it is vulnerable under the disturbance of irrational human activities. Therefore, the rocky desertification is the final result of karst ecosystem degradation. But ecological condition is severe in the North and South karst area, especially in the south karst stone mountainous area and the north arid karst area. There are many problems with the eco-environmental protection and restoration. This paper takes the karst multiple media environment as a core, comprehensively discusses the relations of the three processes-karst, hydrology, and ecology, and puts forward direction of the research on karst ecology hydrology and the future.Keywords:
Desertification
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Karst are landscapes and features of hydrological and geological importance developed
through weathering of water in mostly carbonate rock terrains. This paper maps out karst
areas of the world, describes the properties of karst and karst hydrology and aims to
define problems and possibilities of water management in karst landscapes. Karst
aquifers differ in many aspects from other aquifers with water movements in regular
being faster, more turbulent and irregular in occurrence and are amongst other things
often characterised by a deficit in water supplies and by difficulties of predicting the
same. Proper management and actions through better understanding of karst aquifers can
minimize environmental problems specific for karst and maximize the use of possibilities
that karst aquifers possess.
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Due to the diverse geology and environmental conditions in China, karst development is characterized by great variety and regional regularities. At the same time, the engineering effect involved in the construction and development work undertaken in karst regions varies considerably. This article describes the regional characteristics of karst development in China, analysis of its karst hydrogeological conditions and the main geological engineering problems in karst area. Karst environmental conditions usually include both resource factors and hazard factors. For the exploitation of different resources in karst regions, it is very important to avoid geohazards such as karst collapses, landslides, and debris flows as well as causing karst water invasion. Otherwise, according to the local hazard conditions, treatment can be implemented for decreasing the natural hazard and reducing potential harm.
Geologic hazards
Natural hazard
Mineral resource classification
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List of tables. Introduction to karst. The karst rocks. Dissolution chemical and kinetic behaviour of the karst rock. Distribution and rate of karst denudation. Karst hydrology. Analysis of karst drainage systems. Cave systems. Cave interior deposits. Karst landform development in humid regions. The influence of climate, climatic change and other environmental factors on karst development. Karst resources, their exploitation and management. References. Index.
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From the geological and ecological point of view, the author discussed the formation and succession characteristics of Karst rock desertification. The soil and the vegetation are the most sensitive natural components for the southwest Karst mountain areas, thus showing a evidently fragile characteristics compared with the non - Karst areas. It was emphasized in this paper that the different types of carbonatite base rocks and the diverse ecological environments and succession models have an influence on the Karst eco - system. Based on the above recognition, the author proposed some suggestions and ideas for the ecological restoration of the Karst areas.
Desertification
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Xiaoqikong lies in Libo karst region,south Guizhou.It has many kinds of karst landforms,Fengcong depression,Fengcong valley,karst forest etc.Karst forest is marvelous in Xiaoqikong area.There is not only the most interesting scenery,but also the important scientific research place.Discussing the geology,the climate,the soil and the vegetations,in unfavorable environment,the author expounds that the karst forest is aboriginal and flourish in the karst environment,and its ecosystem is stable.In the end of the article,considering the frail characteristic of karst environment,the author suggests it be significant to reserve the karst forest.
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岩溶区覆盖了超过20%的地壳面积，岩溶水作为供水水源发挥的作用举足轻重。然而，岩溶介质的非均质性十分突出，是有不同水力性质的双重介质系统，使得岩溶地下水系统入渗过程亦具有二元性。岩溶区降水、地表水和地下水间的关系十分密切、转化规律呈复杂的非线性关系。这使得岩溶地下水系统的水文过程、流速和排泄范围易受外界影响而多变。岩溶泉流量变化具有明显的尺度效应和多重分形特征，流量构成复杂多变。同时，受多变的岩溶水文过程和生物地球化学作用的影响，岩溶地下水系统的水化学变化对环境十分敏感。因此，传统方法不能直接应用于岩溶地区的水文研究，水文研究常见的困难在岩溶区被成倍放大。目前，岩溶水文研究相对滞后。我国岩溶类型多样，在国际上有范例性。在岩溶水文过程和岩溶地下水CO2-H2O-CaCO3系统的研究中取得进展。岩溶地下水系统水文过程对全球变化的响应和反馈，岩溶地下水资源和水环境，以及岩溶水文系统模拟等方面将是未来的研究热点。 Karst covers more than 20% of lithosphere area. Karst groundwater resource is a vital water resource. However, a karst water-bearing system is a kind of dual media with distinct hydraulic properties, of which heterogeneity is significant and two mechanisms of surface water infiltration are of the same importance. The connection across precipitation, surface water and karst groundwater is very close. And the conversion among them is nonlinear with considerable complexity. Hydrologic processes, flow rates and the discharging area are readily impacted by the changing environment in a karst groundwater flow system. Discharges of karst springs are of scale effect and multi-fractal characteristics. And the composition of discharge is complicated and changeable. Furthermore, hydrogeochemical characteristics of karst groundwater are sensitive to the changing environment determined by variable hydrologic processes of karst and biogeochemical reactions. Therefore, traditional geohydrologic methods can’t be applied directly in a karst basin and the common difficulties in hydrologic researches tend to be amplified. At present, researches in karst hydrology are relatively laggard. The karst in China is type diversity and representative all over the world. Studies in regard to karst hydrologic processes and the karst CO2-H2O-CaCO3 system have made progress in China. In future, responses and feedbacks to the global change, water resource and environment, and hydrologic processes modeling of a karst groundwater flow system are the potential researching hotspots.
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Karst groundwater recharge,runoff,discharge and dynamic,and also groundwater resoures development methods have resulted from the natural geographical conditions and geological structure in the south west karst area,China. This paper,based on karst water storage conditions and geological conditions,has made karst ground water effective development planning divisions according to karst groundwater abundance,development importance,urgence,methods,social benefit and so on in the study area. The study provide bases for karst groundwater effective development for the area and other areas with same conditions.
Groundwater resources
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Guizhou Karst Mountains have characteristics of high eco-sensibility,low environmental capacity, weak antijamming capability and poor stability. Geodynamical mechanism laid a foundation of kasst eco-environmental vulnerability, such as mountain crest,spread karst and very thin soil. Monsoon activity and population pressure are extrinsicdisturbing force of karst ecosystem, atmospheric circulation decided that climate feature of Guizhou Province is overcast and rainy, which provide important erosive force to karst development; societal and economical pressure exceed the bearing capacity of karst ecosystem, which aggravate karst eco-environmental depravation.
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Different karst water features and related water resources are present both in southern and northern China.There are over 3,358 well-developed karst ground river systems with total discharges in the dry season of about 420×108 m3 in the main karst regions in the southern part of China.Exploitation rates are only 8-15%.Over 100 larger karst spring systems in the main karst regions of northern China cover a catchment area from 500 km2 to over 4,000 km2,of which the average discharge appears to be from about 1 m3/s to 13 m3/s and the exploitation rates are 70-80%.Six aspects of the eco-hydrological features of some typical karst regions in China comprising water environment,ecological features,materials and structures between parent rock and soil,bio-geological processes and palynological studies(spore-pollen)are discussed.Qualitative evaluation of eco-geology and rocky desertification in the karst regions should be based on the main karst ecological conditions as well as artificial,i.e.,man-made impacts.
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