Enzymatic digestion of PVDF-bound proteins in the presence of glucopyranoside detergents: Applicability to mass spectrometry
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Cartridge
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Cartridge
Solid phase extraction
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Repeatability
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A review of carbohydrate digestion in the pig is given. The cascade of digestion in the mouth, stomach, small and large intestine is described. Principles of enzymatic and fermentative digestion according to new results with fistulated animals are discussed. The efficacy and quality of fermentation in the large intestine depending on level and quality of carbohydrates in the diet are demonstrated. Some aspects of energetical efficacy of hindgut digestion are discussed. Dietetic effects of carbohydrates are described.
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A mathematical model can serve as a useful reference for describing the mechanisms involved in digestion and for discussing the factors that influence the rate and extent of ruminal digestion. Ruminal digestion can be divided into four components: digestion rate, digestion lag, potential extent of digestion, and passage rate. Each component affects the apparent extent of digestion in a distinct manner and is influenced by separate factors. Digestion rate is directly related to apparent extent of digestion. It is not influenced by chemical entities presently being measured, but may be related to the morphological, crystalline, or physical nature of fiber. It may also be influenced by factors that inhibit or stimulate ruman microbial growth and their fiber-degrading enzymes. Digestion lag is inversely related to apparent extent of digestion; however, factors influencing it are poorly defined. The may include factors affecting microbial populations and their attachment to fiber prior to digestion; or the digestion lag may be related to the chemical or physical alteration of fiber that must occur before digestion can begin. The potential extent of digestion is directly related to apparent extent of digestion and is influenced by plant fiber composition, primarily. Lignin, and possibly silica, functions to limit the potential extent of digestion. Rate of passage essentially competes with rate of digestion for fiber particles as they pass through the rumen; therefore it is inversely related to the apparent extent of digestion. Passage rate is associated with feed intake level and particle size, although other factors such as type of diet and animal physiology may be important.
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The polyphenol and flavonoid content as well as antioxidant activity were determined during in vitro simulated digestion of three wheat varieties(AK58, xinong979, yangmai16). The results showed that enzymes had a significant effect on the release of polyphenols during the simulated digestion. The maximum release amount was 3.04~3.14 times that of 0~h stomach digestion, while the maximum release of intestinal digestion was 5.24~5.94 times that of 0~h stomach digestion and 1.77~1.94 times 0~h intestinal digestion. Stomach acid and enzymes had significant effects on the release of flavonoids. The maximum release during stomach digestion was 1.72~1.94 times of 0 h stomach digestion, while the maximum release during intestinal digestion was 2.34~3.14 times of 0 h stomach digestion and 1.57~1.71 times of 0 h intestinal digestion. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity(ORAC) of the wheat flour significantly increased during the digestion. The strongest ORAC during stomach digestion was 2.14~3.92 times that of 0 h stomach digestion, while that of intestinal digestion was 7.19~10.18 times that of 0 h stomach digestion and was 2.72~3.24 times that of 0 h intestinal digestion. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and the release of polyphenols(rs=0.90-0.99,p0.01).
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A simple, rapid method for the determination of the benzodiazepines, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, and their metabolites by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed. The procedure is applicable to the assay of other similar drugs in biological fluids. The method utilizes BondElut™ extraction columns to facilitate the extraction. BondElut columns selectively adsorb the benzodiazepines and metabolites from serum at a pH of 9.0. The compounds are eluted with 300μl of methanol which makes sample concentration rapid, if even necessary. Analysis is performed using isocratic reversed-phase chromatography, and quantitation is carried out by ultraviolet (UV) detection. Using this procedure, it is possible to determine drug and metabolite levels to as low as 25 ng/ml in 0.5 ml of serum.
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Chlordiazepoxide
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Clenbuterol
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Biological fluids
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Coefficient of variation
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Fluorescamine
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