AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHANDRA CARINA COMPLEX PROJECT
Leisa K. TownsleyPatrick S. BroosM. F. CorcoranEric D. FeigelsonMarc GagnéT. MontmerleM. S. OeyNathan SmithG. P. GarmireKonstantin V. GetmanMatthew S. PovichNancy Remage EvansYaël NazéE. R. ParkinT. PreibischJunfeng WangS. J. WolkYou‐Hua ChuDavid H. CohenR. A. GruendlKenji HamaguchiRobert R. KingMordecai‐Mark Mac LowM. J. McCaughreanA. F. J. MoffatL. M. OskinovaJ. M. PittardKeivan G. StassunAsif ud‐DoulaN. R. WalbornW. L. WaldronE. ChurchwellJoy S. NicholsS. P. OwockiNorbert S. Schulz
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The Great Nebula in Carina provides an exceptional view into the violent massive star formation and feedback that typifies giant H II regions and starburst galaxies. We have mapped the Carina star-forming complex in X-rays, using archival Chandra data and a mosaic of 20 new 60 ks pointings using the Chandra X-ray Observatory's Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer, as a testbed for understanding recent and ongoing star formation and to probe Carina's regions of bright diffuse X-ray emission. This study has yielded a catalog of properties of > 14,000 X-ray point sources;> 9800 of them have multiwavelength counterparts. Using Chandra's unsurpassed X-ray spatial resolution, we have separated these point sources from the extensive, spatially-complex diffuse emission that pervades the region; X-ray properties of this diffuse emission suggest that it traces feedback from Carina's massive stars. In this introductory paper, we motivate the survey design, describe the Chandra observations, and present some simple results, providing a foundation for the 15 papers that follow in this special issue and that present detailed catalogs, methods, and science results.Cite
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We present optical and X-ray identifications for the 64 radio sources in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey Chandra Deep Field-South Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) field revealed in the Australia Telescope Compact Array 1.4 GHz survey of the Chandra Deep Field-South. Optical identifications are made using the ACS images and catalogs, while the X-ray view is provided by the Chandra X-Ray Observatory 1 Ms observations. Redshifts for the identified sources are drawn from publicly available catalogs of spectroscopic observations and multiband photometric-based estimates. Using this multiwavelength information we provide a first characterization of the faint radio source population in this region. The sample contains a mixture of star-forming galaxies and active galactic nuclei, as identified by their X-ray properties and optical spectroscopy. A large number of morphologically disturbed galaxies are found, possibly related to star formation. In spite of the very deep optical data available in this field, seven of the 64 radio sources have no optical identification to z850 ∼ 28 mag. Only one of these is identified in the X-ray.
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Chandra has performed a 1.4 Ms survey centred on the Hubble Deep Field–North (HDF–N), probing the X–ray Universe 55–550 times deeper than was possible with pre–Chandra missions. We describe the detected point and extended X–ray sources and discuss their overall multi–wavelength (optical, infrared, submillimetre and radio) properties. Special attention is paid to the HDF–N X–ray sources, luminous infrared starburst galaxies, optically faint X–ray sources and high–to–extreme redshift active galactic nuclei. We also describe how stacking analyses have been used to probe the average X–ray–emission properties of normal and starburst galaxies at cosmologically interesting distances. Finally, we discuss plans to extend the survey and argue that a 5–10 Ms Chandra survey would lay key groundwork for future missions such as XEUS and Generation–X.
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The launch of the Chandra X-ray Observatory in July 1999 opened a new era in X-ray astronomy. Its unprecedented, <0.5" spatial resolution and low background are providing views of the X-ray sky 10-100 times fainter than previously possible. We have initiated a serendipitous survey (ChaMP) using Chandra archival data to flux limits covering the range between those reached by current satellites and those of the small area Chandra deep surveys. We estimate the survey will cover ~5 sq.deg./year to X-ray fluxes (2-10 keV) in the range 1E(-13)-6E(-16) erg/cm^2/s discovering ~2000 new X-ray sources, ~80% of which are expected to be AGN. The ChaMP has two parts, the extragalactic survey (ChaMP) and the galactic plane survey (ChaMPlane). ChaMP promises profoundly new science return on a number of key questions at the current frontier of many areas of astronomy including (1) locating and studying high redshift clusters and so constraining cosmological parameters (2) defining the true population of AGN, including those that are absorbed, and so constraining the accretion history of the universe, (3) filling in the gap in the luminosity/redshift plane between Chandra deep and previous surveys in studying the CXRB, (4) studying coronal emission from late-type stars and (5) search for CVs and quiescent Low-Mass X-ray Binaries (qLXMBs) to measure their luminosity functions. In this paper we summarize the status, predictions and initial results from the X-ray analysis and optical imaging.
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The Chandra X-ray Observatory had its origins in a 1963 proposal led by Riccardo Giacconi that called for a 1-meter diameter, 1-arcsecond class X-Ray telescope for studying the Universe. We will briefly discuss the history of the mission, the development of the hardware, its testing, and the launch on 1999, July 23. The majority of the talk will be an admittedly eclectic review of some of the most exciting scientific highlights. These include the detection and identification of the first source seen with Chandra - an unusual Seyfert 1 we nicknamed Leon X-1, the detailed study of the Crab Nebula and its pulsar, and spectacular images of other supernova remnants including the recent 1-Million second exposure on Cas A. We also will summarize some of the major Chandra findings for normal and active galaxies and we will illustrate the breadth of science enabled by Chandra observations of clusters of galaxies. We will close with a brief look towards the future of the field.
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Our analysis of Chandra X-Ray Observatory data for the open cluster NGC 2516, sometimes referred to as "the southern Pleiades," has yielded over 150 X-ray detections in both High-Resolution Camera and Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer images of the central region of the cluster. We identify some of the new X-ray sources with photometric cluster members and compare these new Chandra results with those of ROSAT. To date, 82 detected X-ray sources (42% of surveyed cluster members) are tentatively identified as cluster members. We also discuss the X-ray properties of late-type members in comparison with those of corresponding stellar types in the more metal-rich, approximately coeval Pleiades Cluster.
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We present a catalog of ∼14,000 X-ray sources observed by the ACIS instrument on the Chandra X-ray Observatory within a 1.42 deg2 survey of the Great Nebula in Carina, known as the Chandra Carina Complex Project (CCCP). This study appears in a special issue devoted to the CCCP. Here, we describe the data reduction and analysis procedures performed on the X-ray observations, including calibration and cleaning of the X-ray event data, point-source detection, and source extraction. The catalog appears to be complete across most of the field to an absorption-corrected total-band luminosity of ∼1030.7 erg s−1 for a typical low-mass pre-main-sequence star. Counterparts to the X-ray sources are identified in a variety of visual, near-infrared, and mid-infrared surveys. The X-ray and infrared source properties presented here form the basis of many CCCP studies of the young stellar populations in Carina.
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