Determination of the Inorganic Pyrophosphate Level and Its Subcellular Localization in Chara corallina
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In order to determine the concentration of pyrophosphate (PPi) and its subcellular distribution in Chara corallina, a new method to concentrate PPi from cell extracts was developed. PPi was extracted and concentrated as Ca2P2O7 under alkaline conditions. The amount of PPi in the precipitate was measured using an enzyme system containing pyrophosphate:fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.90) coupled to NADH oxidation in the presence of [ethylene-bis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid. The subcellular localization of PPi and inorganic phosphate (Pi) was studied using the intracellular perfusion technique. The relative volumes of the cytoplasm (6.4%) and the vacuole (93.6%) were determined by perfusing Lucifer Yellow CH into the vacuole and by assuming that the Lucifer Yellow CH dead space represented the cytoplasmic volume. The volume of the chloroplast layer was determined microscopically, and it was found that it occupied 10% of the Chara cytoplasm. PPi was present predominantly in the cytosol at a level of 193 microM, while it existed in the vacuole at a level of only 2.20 microM and less than 1 microM in chloroplasts. By contrast, Pi was distributed almost equally in the cytosol (12.0 mM), chloroplasts (16.2 mM), and the vacuole (6.70 mM). The electrochemical potential gradient across the tonoplast for H+ (delta mu H+ = -11.6 to -18.0 KJ/mol) was nearly equal to the free energy release from the hydrolysis of PPi in cytoplasm (delta Gpp = -18.9 KJ/mol), indicating that the H+-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase can work as a H+ pump in C. corallina.Keywords:
Chara
Stoneworts are a conserved group within green algae which usually inhabit in submerged conditions of slow running and standing water. Charales is a difficult taxonomical group regarding species identification. This paper records 13 species of charophytes within three genera found in about eighty localities from Iran. The taxa Chara connivens, C. contraria, C. crassicaulis, C. fibrosa, C. grovesii, C. gymnophylla (two varieties C. gymnophylla var. gymnophylla and C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae), C. kirghisorum, C. pedunculata, C. socotrensioides, C. tomentosa, C. vulgaris (C. vulgaris var. longibracteata and C. vulgaris var. vulgaris), Nitella hyalina and Tolypella glomerata were studied, including vegetative and oospore characteristics of them. C. vulgaris and C. gymnophylla, are the most common species. The species C. kohrangiana is proposed as a new monoecious species characterized by stipulodes developed in one row, anterior and posterior bract-cells, ecorticate branchlets and diplostichous incomplete axial cortex. C. kohrangiana belongs to subgenus Charopsis section Agardhia subsection Agardhia.
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European paddy fields harbour a morphologically and genetically unusual charophyte that is distant from any other European species. The new species, Chara oryzae from Mediterranean rice fields, was described using an integrated approach, including scanning electron microscopy and molecular phylogenetics. The combination of monoecy, a triplostichous stem cortex with solitary spine cells, haplostephanous stipulodes, abbreviated branchlet segments with their mostly incomplete diplostichous cortication, and long undifferentiated part of a branchlet distinguish C. oryzae from other Chara species described to date. A unique set of phenotypic characteristics and lack of affinity to Chara sections and subsections prompted us to accommodate the species in a new section Corillionia of the subgenus Chara. C. oryzae could be recognized as a species non-native to Europe because it is known only in rice fields, which have been maintained for centuries in the region studied.HIGHLIGHTS• European paddy fields harbour a charophyte with unusual morphology and genotype distant from any European species.• A new species, Chara oryzae, is described using an integrated approach.• A new section, Corillionia, of the subgenus Chara is proposed.
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The Charales, commonly known as stoneworts, are a group of highly complex green algae that comprise one extant family (Characeae) with six genera. The aim of this study was to collect Charophytes in eastern and north of Iran and check the distribution maps of species in Iran. Samples were collected from 103 localities and 7 species have been determined with Chara braunii Gm., Chara globata Mig. and Lamprothamnium papulosum (Wallr.) J. Gr. recorded for the first time in Iran. Although Chara vulgaris and Chara gymnophylla were reported as widespread in north and eastern Iran, specimens of Chara vulgaris were collected in a wide variety of habitats from most of the provinces rendering this taxa the most abundant Charophytes in Iran (88 populations). Other species were restricted to few locations: Chara braunii, a cosmopolitan species, was limited to two locations in north Iran. Chara globata was found in a single location (Targhrud Lake). Most specimens of Chara contraria and Chara connivens were collected from South West Iran (260–350 m elevation). Lamprothamnium papulosum, a rather uncommon species in Asia, was found in a single lake with marine water characteristics in northeast Iran.
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(2020). Charophytes in warm springs on Svalbard (Spitsbergen): DNA barcoding identifies Chara aspera and Chara canescens with unusual morphological traits. Botany Letters: Vol. 167, No. 2, pp. 179-186.
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Effects of changing the cytoplasmic pH on the cytoplasmic streaming, membrane potential and membrane excitability were studied in tonoplast-free cells of Chara australia and NiteUo~osis obtusa. The cytoplasmic pit was varied by internal perfusion of pH-buffered media. Nitellopsis cells were perfused only once, while Chara cells were perfused twice to control the pH more accurately. In both materials the rate of cytoplasmic streaming was maximum at about pH 7, low at pH 8,5-9 and almest zero at pH 5-5.5. The membrane potential was most negative at about pH 7. In Chara the membrane potential supported by Mg.ATP was strongly inhibite4 at pH 5.5 and almost zero at pH 9, supporting the resul~s obtained by Fujii et al. (1979) on cells of Chara australis which were perfused once. The action potential could be induced by electrical stimulation in Chara at pH 6.0-9.0 and in Nitellopsis at pH 6.6 7.9. The membrane resistance of Nitellopsis was high at acidic and neutral pit values and low at alkaline pit, while that of Chara was low at both acidic and alkaline pit values.
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The study of the effects of Chara fragilis (fig. 1) on mosquito development reported in 1928 (6) has been continued and expanded during the past season. Our investigations were directed along five principal lines: (a) Continued studies of the effects of Chara fragilis on larval development under experimental conditions. (b) A survey of a portion of the central New York area to determine the distribution of Chara spp. and their effect on mosquito density. (c) The introduction of Chara fragilis into various types of ponds, marshes, etc., to study its rate of growth and effect on future mosquito breeding. (d) A continued study of the food (plankton) in Chara ponds and typical mosquito breeding pools. (e) The effects of other aquatic plants on the larvae of Culicidae.The results of this season's work can be presented best under these five headings.Experimental Work With Chara Spp.
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