Toll-Like Receptors as Novel Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
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Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) are critical mediators of the innate immune response and subsequent activation of adaptive immune responses to pathogens that invade the body. TLRs on immune cells are the basis of our multigenic, innate immune, inflammatory response to pathogenic signature molecules that cause tissue damage. Functional TLRs are expressed not only on immune cells, but also on non-immune cells including cancer cells. TLRs are critical mediators of cellular transformation, tumor progression, and metastasis.Cite
This paper introduces the toll elastic pricing to determine the toll rate in discussing such issues as toll elasticity, types of elastic pricing, as well as factors influencing the toll price elasticity in high-grade highways with examples indicating the feasibility of the proposed method. In addition, this paper analyzes the relationship between toll rate and traffic volume, and determines the adjusting ranges of toll rate with examples.
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With the increase of highway traffic flow, the number of toll lanes of highway toll stations increased. The number of vehicles arriving at the toll stations varies at different times. When the traffic is less, opening all toll lanes will cause unnecessary costs. In this article, based on a certain degree of customers' satisfaction, we use the simulation software to study the minimum number of toll lanes can be opened under different traffic conditions, and study the modes of opening toll lanes of toll station in order to save manpower and reduce costs.
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State and federal research has examined toll roads and attempted to identify methods to make toll roads a more attractive option for drivers. Researchers examined various views of toll road transactions and concluded: (1) Truckers and trucking companies view toll roads significantly differently than the average passenger car driver. Travel time savings and avoiding congestion are generally less important than the actual cost of the tolls and their inability to pass those costs to their customers. (2) Drivers require more information on toll roads: where they are located, how/where to access them, how to pay for the toll transaction, how much time they will save by taking a toll road versus a free alternative, who operates a given toll road, etc. (3) Raising toll rates actually increases revenue while lowering toll rates increases traffic volumes at the expense of toll revenues.
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Electronic toll collection
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The subject of this study is to analyze the profile of and the probability that motorists will use the toll routes when alternative non-toll routes exist. The authors assume that this probability depends on the demographic and economic characteristics of the motorists, the purpose of the trips, the distance to be covered, and the amount of time they expect to save by using the toll route. Some of the issues in the literature, ranging from the methods of calculating highway tolls, to the political aspects of highway tolls, fuel cost and travel behavior have been discussed in previous studies. The main emphasis of this study is the time saving and the indirect cost and purpose of the travel.
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This paper describes the toll collection system around the three major cities in Norway. Toll roads have a long tradition but recently toll rings have been developed at Bergen, Oslo and Trondheim. Toll rings consist of toll plazas on entry roads to the city: the one at Trondheim is described in detail, where most toll plazas are automated, with tolls being collected from accounts. Income generated contributes to the cost of a road building and environmental improvement scheme. The tolls are collected only between certain hours: this has led to a change in driver habits in order to avoid tolls. A changed collection system is planned so that more road users have to pay and the road construction costs are more evenly distributed. The new system would divide the city into eight zones, a toll being charged every time a vehicle crosses from one zone to another.
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A new generation of privately funded toll roads are being constructed in the US, mainly in fast-developing suburban areas. Tolls will only fund part of the cost and it is the supplementary funding and guarantees that make the road feasible. But will toll roads only be built in locations of high demand, not of the greatest need? The potential of toll roads as a transportation strategy is very much a matter deserving further consideration. This paper reviews the new toll road projects and assesses the pros and cons concerning their proliferation. The paper begins with a brief review of US toll road policy, then examines the renewed interest in toll road development. Concerns raised about tolls are examined next, followed by a discussion of possible future directions for toll road policy.
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: Background Pros and Cons of Toll Systems Economic Evaluation Toll Revenues Optimum Tolls Actual Tolls Methods of Toll Road Financing Types of Toll System Toll Collection Equipment Classification Systems Highway Safety Conclusions
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Abstract The article presents a detailed analysis of the modes of operation of toll gate lanes on toll roads. The toll gate lane has such operating modes as manual and automatic. Also, the lane can work in free mode – any vehicles can pass without classification and payment. The lane in closed mode does not accept vehicles. Ways of charging for each option are described, namely manual, automatic, and electronic. The stages of passing through the lane in different modes and their transport capacity are presented. The characteristic features of toll systems are highlighted and described. The purpose of the lane equipment elements is to control the flow of vehicles through the toll gate, as well as to accept tolls using various payment methods. The selection of toll system and locations of toll gates is based on an assessment of economic feasibility and taking into account the estimated traffic and traffic flow structure, the number and location of traffic interchanges. Special attention is paid to the criteria for selecting a toll system, which is to maximize profits from the operation of a toll road.
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This paper focuses on determining an optimal toll scheme under an electronic road pricing system (ERPS) . The optimal toll is comprised of two parts: 1) a basic charge according to the distance traveled; and, 2) a congestion toll to ensure efficient use of the expressway. A step congestion toll method is determined under the condition that the traffic flow is equal to the road capacity. The paper also presents an evaluation of the economic benefit realized from the ERPS by comparing the increased and decreased social costs that occur after implementing the optimum toll.
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Economic cost
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Duing to more and more serious congestion problem of toll stations, the service quality of Shanghai highways has been influenced deeply. The causes to the congestion are as following, traffic volume being more than the design capacity obviously, very limited design capacity of some toll stations and busy exits of toll stations. And the main expanding measures are put forward including expanding toll lanes from the outside, building front- back seperate grid toll stations, ETC modification works, changeable lanes and double pavilions with one island. Nowdays, 2 measures of expanding toll lanes and ETC modification works are used widely. The traffic capacity of ETC lane is several times more than that of the manual toll collection lane, which can lower the cost of toll stations and can save the toll collection labour. ETC lane is regarded as a strong and effective measure to solve the toll stations congestion with a high- speed development.
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