Survey of diseases caused by Fusarium spp. on palm trees in the Canary Islands
Julio Hernández-HernándezA. EspinoJuan Rodríguez-RodríguezA. Pérez‐SierraMaela LeónPaloma Abad‐CamposJosep Armengol
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Between 2006 and 2007, palm trees growing in both gardens and public parks and natural palm groves in the Canary Islands ( Spain ), and showing symptoms of wilt and dieback, were surveyed. Isolates were recovered from affected tissues of the crowns, leaves and vascular fragments on potato dextrose agar (PDA). After incubation, the Fusarium spp. colonies recovered were single-spored. They were transferred to PDA and Spezieller Nahrstoffarmer Agar (SNA) for morphological identification. Identification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Canariensis was confirmed by PCR with the specific primers HK66 and HK67, which amplified a fragment of 567 bp. Fusarium wilt caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. canariensis was found on 54 Phoenix canariensis trees growing on four islands: Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, La Palma and Tenerife. F. proliferatum occurred on fifteen palms (10 P. canariensis , 1 P. dactylifera , 3 Roystonea regia and 1 Veitchia joannis ) located in Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Tenerife . Both these Fusarium species were found only in diseased palms from gardens and public parks, but not in natural palm groves. The results show that Fusarium wilt of P. canariensis is common in the Canary Islands and for the first time report F. proliferatum affecting different palm species in those islands.Phomopsis
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Abstract The effects of Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum and Microdochium nivale on eyespot development and of types of the eyespot fungus Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides on brown foot rot caused by the Fusarium or Microdochium spp. were investigated by sequential inoculation of wheat plants grown in pots in a controlled environment. The W‐type of the eyespot fungus induced more severe disease than the R‐type, but its symptons were suppressed to a greater extent by Fusarium spp., especially F. avenaceum. Brown foot rot symptoms were sometimes suppressed by P. herpotrichoides but were occasionally more severe when the Fusarium inoculum was applied after the P. herpotrichoides. There, sults are discussed in relation to observations of natural infections.
Eyespot
Foot rot
Fusarium culmorum
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Morphology
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Summary Species of the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Fusarium that cause head blight and crown rot of cereals including wheat also infect a number of alternative host plants. This raises the prospect of more damaging pathogen strains originating and persisting as highly successful saprophytes on hosts other than wheat. The immediate impact on pathogenic (aggressiveness) and saprophytic (growth rate and fecundity) behaviour of six isolates with low, moderate or high initial aggressiveness was examined in two species of Fusarium after their passage through 10 alternative plant hosts. One passage through alternative hosts significantly reduced the pathogenic fitness of most isolates, but this change was not associated with a concomitant change in their overall saprophytic behaviour. The overall weak association between aggressiveness, fecundity and growth rate both before and after passage through the alternative hosts indicate that pathogenic and saprophytic fitness traits may be independently controlled in both Fusarium species. Thus, there was no trade‐off between pathogenic and saprophytic fitness in these necrotrophic plant pathogens.
Pathogenic fungus
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The present study evaluates the effect of two temperatures, 14°C (T14) and 18°C (T18), on yield and the presence of cranial abnormalities during early development in north palm ruff (Seriolella violacea). Different time indices – days post-hatching (DPH), degree-days (D°) and effective degree-days (D°eff) – were used to analyse growth during cultivation. Several ontogenetic events were achieved in less time during cultivation at 18°C. Additionally, a larger total length and final weight, as well as a higher survival rate, were achieved after 80 days of culture at higher temperatures (T18 = 55.5 ± 1.5 mm; 2.87 ± 0.21 g; 1.80 ± 0.18% and T14 = 24.3 ± 2.2 mm; 0.26 ± 0.08 g; 1.33 ± 0.12%). D° and D°eff were valid as independent temperature indices for predicting the growth response of S. violacea against thermal variations. The frequencies of cranial skeletal abnormalities (mouth and opercular complex) were evaluated in the pre-flexion, flexion, post-flexion and juvenile stages. However, the frequency of cranial skeletal abnormalities at the end of this study was not significantly influenced (P > 0.05) by temperature, and values below 21% were recorded in both treatments. These results can be of practical use for optimizing culture conditions to maximize the yield and quality of S. violacea juveniles.
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