Beat wave excitation of electron plasma wave by relativistic cross focusing of cosh-Gaussian laser beams in plasma
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A scheme for beat wave excitation of electron plasma wave (EPW) is proposed by relativistic cross-focusing of two coaxial Cosh-Gaussian (ChG) laser beams in an under dense plasma. The plasma wave is generated on account of beating of two coaxial laser beams of frequencies ω1 and ω2. The mechanism for laser produced nonlinearity is assumed to be relativistic nonlinearity in electron mass. Following moment theory approach in Wentzel Kramers Brillouin (W.K.B) approximation, the coupled differential equations governing the evolution of spot size of laser beams with distance of propagation have been derived. The relativistic nonlinearity depends not only on the intensity of first laser beam but also on the intensity of second laser beam. Therefore, propagation dynamics of one laser beam affect that of second beam and hence cross-focusing of the two laser beams takes place. Due to non uniform intensity distribution of pump laser beams, the background electron concentration gets modified. The amplitude of EPW, which depends on the background electron concentration, thus gets nonlinearly coupled with the laser beams. The effects of relativistic electron mass nonlinearity and the cross-focusing of pump beams on excitation of EPW have been incorporated. Numerical simulations have been carried out to investigate the effect of laser as well as plasma parameters on cross-focusing of laser beams and further its effect on power of excited EPW.Vibrational energy
Energy exchange
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Pulsed laser
Single-molecule FRET
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A brushless excited method IBEM is studied in this paper. A 1.5kW/380V IBE T/R-HESG is designed based on IBEM. The operation principle of IBE T/R-HESG is discussed . With the help of Maxwell, the field distribution and excitation characteristics are studied. It can be concluded by the results of simulation and experiment that IBEM can realize brushless excitation. The rotor excitation current can be regulated by I f conveniently. IBEM can be applied not only in the brushless excitation improvement of T/R-HESG, but also for the improvement of other generators .
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The excitation of the metastable levels in helium ($2^{3}S$ and $2^{1}S$) was studied as a function of electron energy near threshold. The excitation due to essentially monoenergetic electrons was obtained by using the retarding potential method. The metastables were detected by their emission of electrons from a gold-plated cylinder. It was found that the excitation function for the $2^{3}S$ level is linear from the onset of excitation to approximately 0.4 ev above onset except for a small amount of tailing near threshold. The excitation function peaks at 0.6 ev above the excitation threshold. The value of the cross section of the $2^{3}S$ level is in reasonable agreement with the value given by Maier-Leibnitz.
Excitation function
Metastability
Electron excitation
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For a type of permanent magnet multiloop excitation devices,the magnetic field distribution of the inner and 2 mm above the surface of the ferromagnetic bar was numerically calculated and analyzed by FES while two important sizes is varying,the magnetization effect of the excitation device was analyzed,and the structure of the excitation device was designed.In the experiments,high sensitive giant magnetic resistive(GMR)sensor was employed to detect while the magnetization effect of the excitation device the two parameters is changing.The experimental results are qualitatively in agreement with the simulation.The research results can help to further optimize the design of the excitation device.
Resistive touchscreen
Bar (unit)
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Magnetic Field Analysis and Calculation of the Hybrid Excitation Crow Pole Generator Based on Ansoft
The working principle and magnetic field characteristic of the hybrid excitation crow pole generator with different structure, which included with series, shunt type of hybrid excitation and etc., were introduced. Their magnetic circuit and field distribution characteristic were analyzed respectively while the analytical comparison of the output capability between those of the hybrid excitation crow pole generator and the pure electric excitation crow pole generator was done. Advantages of the hybrid shunt excitation against pure electric excitation and hybrid series excitation were described as keystone. The 3D finite element method was applied to analyze and calculate the noload magnetic field and induction parameter of the electric machine with this kind of structure.
Shunt generator
Electric generator
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Time-of-flight (TOF) techniques have been used to measure singly and multiply ionized Ar recoils in coincidence with energy-analysed, forward-ejected electrons in 1 MeV H+-Ar collisions. Electron energies up to 2800 eV and charge states 1-4 are covered. It is shown experimentally that the peak of binary-encounter (BE) electrons in the electron energy spectrum is associated almost entirely with single ionization of Ar, whereas the peak of electron-capture-to-the continuum (ECC) electrons is associated with multiple ionization. This shows that the BE electrons originate exclusively from the valence shell of Ar (the M shell) and the ECC electrons predominantly from an inner shell (the L shell).
Valence electron
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In order to avoid large amount of gas emission caused by out of step synchronous motor,the strong excitation protection was discussed from improving stability point of view.The principle and realization ways of forced excitation were analyzed.The defect of traditional open loop force excitation method was pointed out.Constant excitation current strong excitation measures were made.The correctness of new measures are verified by theory and practice.
Constant (computer programming)
Realization (probability)
Synchronous motor
Time constant
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The De-excitation is a function of the excitation system and the de-excitation equipment is a part of the excitation system(except brushless excitation),both have been discussed by the excitation people.The paper discussed on functions of De-excitation and expounded a viewpoint.
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