The growth of smooth muscle and sympathetic ganglia in organotypic tissue cultures
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Myofilament
In a soil bioassay, adult Deroceras reticulatum (Stylommatophora: Limacidae) and three different weight-classes of young Arion lusitanicus (Stylommatophora: Arionidae) were exposed to a single dosage (170 dauer larvae per g of soil) of the nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita monoxenically associated with the bacterium Moraxella osloensis. Groups of 10 slugs were continuously exposed to nematodes for 4 days, and then transferred individually to Petri-dishes containing a disc of Chinese cabbage as food. Food consumption—measured by image analysis—and slug mortality were recorded daily for 10 days. Food consumption was inhibited in both slug species tested. D. reticulatum stopped feeding 6 days after the start of nematode treatment, while all A. lusitanicus continued to feed. However, in the three weight-classes of A. lusitanicus (0.15 g, 0.24 g, 0.45 g), food consumption was reduced by at least 50 %. The greatest reduction in feeding, nearly 90 %, was noted in the smallest A. lusitanicus. The nematodes successfully killed D. reticulatum but were less efficient at killing young A. lusitanicus. At the end of the experiment, mortality was highest in D. reticultatum (98 %) and the smallest weight-class of A. lusitanicus (47 %). There was almost no mortality in the largest weight-class of A. lusitanicus treated with nematodes. P. hermaphrodita associated with M. osloensis can thus be considered as a biological control agent for young stages of A. lusitanicus for its effect as a feeding inhibitor, rather than for its ability to kill the slugs.
Slug
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In response to DNA damage, p53 undergoes post-translational modifications (including acetylation) that are critical for its transcriptional activity. However, the mechanism by which p53 acetylation is regulated is still unclear. Here, we describe an essential role for HLA-B-associated transcript 3 (Bat3)/Scythe in controlling the acetylation of p53 required for DNA damage responses. Depletion of Bat3 from human and mouse cells markedly impairs p53-mediated transactivation of its target genes Puma and p21 . Although DNA damage-induced phosphorylation, stabilization, and nuclear accumulation of p53 are not significantly affected by Bat3 depletion, p53 acetylation is almost completely abolished. Bat3 forms a complex with p300, and an increased amount of Bat3 enhances the recruitment of p53 to p300 and facilitates subsequent p53 acetylation. In contrast, Bat3-depleted cells show reduced p53–p300 complex formation and decreased p53 acetylation. Furthermore, consistent with our in vitro findings, thymocytes from Bat3-deficient mice exhibit reduced induction of puma and p21, and are resistant to DNA damage-induced apoptosis in vivo. Our data indicate that Bat3 is a novel and essential regulator of p53-mediated responses to genotoxic stress, and that Bat3 controls DNA damage-induced acetylation of p53.
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Myofilament
Myofibril
Striation
Electron micrographs
Insect flight
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To learn the impact of myocardial NOS3 during sepsis, effects of myocyte-specific overexpression of NOS3 (msNOS3TG) on endotoxin (ETX)-induced cardiac dysfunction were studied. In vivo cardiac function was examined with echocardiography after challenge with saline (C) or ETX (L: 0111:B4 E. coli LPS, 50 mg/kg) in wild type mice (WT) and mice with msNOS3TG (TG). Cell shortening (CS) and [Ca2+]i were measured in isolated myocytes. Myofilament sensitivity to Ca2+ was determined in skinned myocytes by measuring the change in sarcomere length (ΔSL) in response to pCa 5,5. Myocardial oxidative stress was estimated using fluoroprobe dihydroethidium (DHE). ETX decreased LV fractional shortening (FS) in WTL but not in TGL. While [Ca2+]i transients were depressed similarly by ETX in both genotypes, %CS was depressed only in WTL myocytes. ΔSL was greater in skinned TGL myocytes than in WTL myocytes suggesting greater myofilament sensitivity to Ca2+ in TGL. A thiol reducing agent, dithiothreitol, augmented the Ca2+ sensitivity in skinned WTL but not in TGL myocytes, suggesting that NOS3 prevents myofilament thiol modification. ETX increased the frequency of DHE stained nuclei in cardiac sections from WTL but not TGL. In conclusion, msNOS3TG prevented ETX-induced myocardial dysfunction by enhancing myofilament sensitivity to Ca2+ possibly via reduction of cardiac oxidative stress. Supported by NIH HL-71987.
Myofilament
Cardiac myocyte
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Myofilament
Gene transfer
Cardiac myocyte
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Myofibril
Myofilament
Sarcoplasm
Cardiac muscle
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Holcus lanatus
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HLA-B-associated transcript 3 (BAT3) was originally identified as one of the genes located within human major histocompatibility complex. It encodes a large proline-rich protein with unknown function. In this study, we found that a fragment of the BAT3 gene product interacts with a candidate tumor suppressor, DAN, in the yeast-based two-hybrid system. We cloned the full-length rat BAT3 cDNA from a fibroblast 3Y1 cDNA library. Our sequence analysis has demonstrated that rat BAT3 cDNA is 3617 nucleotides in length and encodes a full-length BAT3 (1098 amino acids) with an estimated molecular mass of 114,801 daltons, which displays an 87.4% identity with human BAT3. The deletion experiment revealed that the N-terminal region (amino acid residues 1-80) of DAN was required for the interaction with BAT3. Green fluorescent protein-tagged BAT3 was largely localized in the cytoplasm of COS cells. Northern hybridization showed that BAT3 mRNA was expressed in all the adult rat tissues examined but predominantly in testis. In addition, the level of BAT3 mRNA expression was more downregulated in some of the transformed cells, including v-mos- and v-Ha-ras-transformed 3Y1 cells, than in the parental cells.
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SUMMARY A hitherto unrecorded virus having flexible rod‐shaped particles about 740–760 × 13 nm was isolated from Anthoxanthum odoratwn L. It was transmitted by sap inoculation, but not by several species of insect, seed or soil to 18 species of Gramineae including wheat, oats and barley. In susceptible species the virus normally produced a mosaic mottling of the leaves which was sometimes followed by a necrotic streaking or striping.
Mosaic virus
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The nephridium muscular layer of the sipunculan Phascolosoma granulatum consists of longitudinal cells oriented in parallel to the nephridial network and of circular cells. These cells are filled with myofilaments and cell organelles, such as mitochondria, nucleus, and sarcoplasmic reticulum; the organelles are located in the peripheral regions of the cells. The thick myofilaments appear to have cross striations at intervals of 14 nm, typical of paramyosin filaments. According to our ultrastructural observations, there are three kinds of thick myofilaments in these cells. The mean diameters are respectively about 28, 42, and 58 nm. The cells can be divided into three types according to the kinds of myofilaments they contain. One type contains all three kinds of myofilaments; the second contains the 28 and 42 nm myofilaments; and the third contains only the 28 nm myofilaments. The fine structure of the cell organelles appears the same in all three types.
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Myofibril
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