Embodied and operational energy in buildings on 20 Norwegian dairy farms – Introducing the building construction approach to agriculture
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In contrast to measuring the end energy consumption, the embodied energy analysis could provide systematic accounting of regional energy system with regard to direct and indirect terms. Presented in this paper is an embodiment analysis of urban energy system of Beijing during the period of 1987-2007 using input-output technique. Results show the energy consumption in Beijing increased rapidly during 1987-2007: direct energy consumption increased from 20.03 to 52.80 Mtce while the embodied energy consumption increased from 38.86 to 206.20 Mtce; Meanwhile, the energy intensity presents a declined trend but the decrease of energy intensity slows down especially during the last five years; The proportion of direct energy decreased from 51.55% to 25.60% while that of the indirect energy grow from 48.45% to 74.4% among embodied energy of Beijing; The primary sectors of energy consumption are transforming from the traditional heavy industry to modern manufacture, construction and the tertiary sector with relatively low direct energy consumption but higher indirect consumption; The evident contrast between direct and indirect energy consumption demonstrated the fact that the traditional energy analysis focusing on terminal energy consumption could lose effectiveness on urban scale and new approach needs the combination of end technical energy saving with source reduction of product consumption.
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In a machining process, proper selection of process plans and cutting parameters can effectively reduce energy consumption and shorten production time. Traditionally, studies on process planning and cutting parameter optimization for energy saving are mostly concentrated on electrical energy consumption. Since the preparation process of cutting tools and cutting fluid consumes a considerable amount of energy, conservation of this part of energy consumption, namely, the embodied energy consumption, will achieve a more energy-efficient machining process. In this article, an integrated model for process planning and cutting parameter optimization is proposed to shorten production time and reduce the energy footprint (namely, electrical energy consumption and embodied energy consumption of cutting tools and cutting fluid) of a machining process. Considering that the optimization of process plan and cutting parameters in an integrated manner is a hybrid programming process, simulated annealing and quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (SA-QPSO) hybrid algorithm is employed to solve the proposed model. Results of the case study show that: 1) embodied energy consumption of cutting tools and cutting fluid accounts for a nonnegligible proportion of energy footprint of the machining process and 2) there is a tradeoff between energy footprint and production time, and the balance of them is achieved through the proposed optimization approach. Note to Practitioners —This article, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, proposes an integrated approach to reduce both electrical and embodied energy consumption of a machining process through optimizing process plan and cutting parameters. Such broader consideration makes this integrated optimization approach more applicable to real industry settings and contributes to the comprehensive improvement of energy efficiency in the machining process. To better use this approach, the following three steps should be highlighted: 1) the energy footprint characteristics of the machining process should be comprehensively analyzed and modeled; 2) the integrated optimization model for minimizing energy footprint and production time needs to cooperate with machining constraints, such as process centralization, machining sequence, and process requirements; and 3) solving the proposed model is a hybrid programming process since there are discrete decision variables and continuous variables. A proper algorithm should be used to solve the proposed model.
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Nearly 48% of the yearly global energy supply is consumed by buildings during their construction and operation in the form of embodied and operating energy, which is responsible for nearly 40% of global carbon emissions. Building materials used for the superstructure, substructure, envelope, and interiors of a building contribute to over 90 percent of the embodied energy. Concrete and structural steels are two major materials used in bulk quantities in the construction industry, which can adversely impact the environmental sustainability of buildings. Concrete alone is responsible for 5-9 percent of the global carbon emissions. The ratio of horizontal to vertical surface area of the building known as the surface aspect ratio is an important parameter for the sustainability of a building because it affects its structural design and the quantifies of materials such as steel and concrete. In this study, we analyzed how aspect ratio of a building impacts its structural design and material use in the foundation, framing, and slab of the building, and how it eventually affects the embodied energy (EE), embodied carbon emission (EC), and embodied water (EW). Five different building configurations of a generic reinforced concrete building with 12, 9, 6, 3, and 1 floor/s are modeled, and input-output based hybrid (IOH) models are used to determine the total EE, EC, and EW requirements for concrete and steel for different surface aspect ratios. The results show that for a 12-story building, there is ca. 34% increase in EE and EC and ca. 27% increase in EW as compared to a 1-story building. These results signify the importance of selecting horizontal vs. vertical building configurations in urban areas to potentially help reduce the environmental footprint of the building construction sector.
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Abstract The statistical Bureau of the Norwegian Life Assurance Companies has previously issued two publications on the mortality among Norwegian assured lives1. As a third instalment of the statistical experiences of the Norwegian Life Assurance Companies the Statistical Bureau has now published Norwegian Disability Experiences until 1935. An abstract from the lastnamed publication will be given below.
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Machining is energy and material intensive, and as a result, creates a significant environmental impact. With the drive for sustainable manufacturing, machining industry is under the increasing pressure from government regulations to reduce the consumption of energy and materials and the related emissions. The fossil fuels dominated energy source in U.S. manufacturing coupled with the high embodied energy of cutting tools and work materials make machining generate substantial GHG emissions, e.g., CO2, NOx, and CH4, etc. The increasing concentration of GHG causes global warming and climate change, which becomes a significant global environmental issue. A thorough investigation to quantify the energy consumption in machining processes is essential to reduce the environmental impact. This study focuses on the total energy consumption in hard milling of tool steels. Tool material consumption through wear progression is inevitable in hard milling. As tool life is very short in hard milling due to the high hardness of hardened work materials, the consumption of embodied energy of cutting tools is very high. Similarly, the embodied energy of removed work material is consumed since the removed work material is converted into chips. However, very few studies have determined the consumption of cutting tool and work material on total specific energy consumption. This study investigated the total energy consumption in hard milling including machine energy and the embodied energy of cutting tool and work material. The results show that a higher material removal rate (MRR) results in less total energy consumption. The embodied energy of cutting tool and work material has a significant effect on the total energy consumption of hard milling. The contribution of cutting tool and work material consumption should be accounted when assessing the environmental impact of a cutting process at the manufacturing phase.
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