Cereal Viruses: Wheat and Barley
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Barley yellow dwarf
The yellow dwarf disease in winter cereal crops is caused by species of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV) (Luteoviridae). These viruses are transmitted to grasses (Poaceae) by aphids (Aphididae) and the frequency of virus population is affected by oscillations in the vector and host populations. Seasonal fluctuations of BYDV-PAV, BYDV-MAV, and CYDV-RPV in aphids and grasses were analyzed in corn in the summer, and wheat and oat plots in the winter in Coxilha, RS, Brazil. Among the aphids collected, 12.7% transmitted B/CYDV, and 92.6% of those aphids were Rhopalosiphum padi while 7.4% were Sitobion avenae. The viruses that R. padi transmitted were BYDV-PAV (95.4%), CYDV-RPV (2.3%), and BYDV-MAV+PAV (2.3%), while S. avenae only transmitted BYDV-PAV. Among the wheat and oat plants collected, 65.8% were seropositive, all of which were infected with BYDV-PAV and 0.7% of which were also infected with BYDV-MAV. The population dynamics of the virus was similar in aphids and plants, with peaks in the winter crop season. The 35 isolates of BYDV-PAV analyzed were able to infect wheat and oat, being transmitted by R. padi (EF=94.4%), S. avenae (EF=76.1%), and M. dirhodum (EF=63.4%). They were not transmitted by S. graminum or S. maydis. Since several common vector species efficiently transmit BYDV-PAV, this may explain why it is the dominant virus species in the "yellow dwarf pathosystem" in Southern Brazil.
Barley yellow dwarf
Rhopalosiphum padi
Luteovirus
Rhopalosiphum maidis
Sitobion avenae
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The Matanuska-Susitna Valley is one of the most fertile regions in Alaska for growing cool-season vegetables. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and oat (Avena sativa) crops are also sown for animal feed and green manure. The most damaging and widely distributed viral disease of small grains worldwide is barley yellow dwarf (BYD), caused by several species from two genera in the family Luteoviridae: luteovirus (Barley yellow dwarf virus [BYDV-MAV and BYDV-PAV]) and polerovirus (Cereal yellow dwarf virus [CYDV-RPV, formerly BYDV-RPV]) and three unassigned species (BYDV-RMV, BYDV-SGV, and BYDV-GPV) (2,4). Even though barley and oat have been grown in Alaska for more than 50 years, BYD has not been documented in small grains in this region. During September 2001, barley plants with bright yellow leaves were collected from five barley fields near Palmer. Three plants from each field were assayed using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol targeting members of the luteoviridae (3). The resulting ≈530-bp PCR product and its restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) produced by digestion with NdeII implied that plants were infected with BYDV-PAV. In September 2002, three of the five sites were surveyed again for BYDV. Two of the fields (BF-1 and BF-2) had been replanted with barley and the other (OF-3) was planted with oats. Leaf samples from 36 symptomatic barley plants from each field and 60 symptomatic oat plants were randomly collected and stored at -80°C. In 2002, in addition to RT-PCR and RFLP analyses, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using Agdia kits (Agdia, Elkhart, IN) for BYDV-PAV, CYDV-RPV, and BYDV-SGV were also performed (1). First, RT-PCR and RFLP were completed on all samples using 0.5 g of tissue. Of samples from BF-1, BF-2, and OF-3, 61, 100, and 70%, respectively, generated luteoviridae-specific fragments. The RFLP profiles from barley were all PAV-like, whereas 71% of oat samples were PAV-like, and 29% were of an unknown pattern. No bands were observed from apparently healthy field plants. ELISA (0.2 g of tissue) was performed on all PCR-positive samples, resulting in 22, 97, and 33% detection for BYDV-PAV from BF-1, BF-2, and OF-3, respectively. An additional 29% of oat samples (OF-3) tested positive for CYDV-RPV, whereas none of the barley plants tested positive. One oat plant had a mixed infection with both PAV and RPV profiles, and all oat plants with the unidentified RFLP pattern were serologically positive for RPV. No BYDV-SGV was detected in either barley or oats. The PCR assay was clearly more sensitive than ELISA, especially for plants that had mature and necrotic tissue, which were predominately found in BF-1 and OF-3. Based on these direct tests on the coat protein's nucleic acid (PCR) and serology (ELISA), it is concluded that two distinct viruses, BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPV, were found in oats, whereas only the former was found in barley. To my knowledge, this is the first report of luteovirus and polerovirus infection in small grains in Alaska. References: (1) M. F. Clark and A. N. Adams. J. Gen. Virol. 34, 475, 1977. (2) C. J. D'Arcy and P. A. Burnett. Barley Yellow Dwarf: 40 Years of Progress. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1995. (3) N. L. Robertson and R. French. J. Gen. Virol. 72,1473, 1991. (4) M. H. V. van Regenamortel et al. Virus Taxonomy. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, NY, 2000.
Barley yellow dwarf
Luteovirus
Avena
Avena fatua
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Four cultivars and four experimental lines of winter barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), varying in resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), were grown during 1978‐79 and 1979‐80 in four treatments: (a) caged to exclude natural aphid vectors, (b) caged inoculated with viruliferous Rhopalosiphum padi , (c) exposed to natural aphid vectors, (d) exposed and inoculated with R. padi . Overall, BYDV infection reduced winter survival, plant height, number of spike‐bearing tillers, total dry weight, grain yield, and seed size. The reduction was related to the amount of BYDV injury. In Post, the entry with the least BYDV injury, none of the traits were reduced significantly. In Harrison and Durra, the entries with the largest BYDV injury, all of the traits were reduced severely by the viral infection. The remaining entries were intermediate in their reaction to BYDV and also in the expression of the agronomic traits. The data confirm that fall infection by BYDV predisposes winter barley to winter injury and reduces height, tillering, grain yield, and seed size, and that entries selected for this experiment vary in response to BYDV infection.
Barley yellow dwarf
Rhopalosiphum padi
Luteovirus
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Abstract The relative frequency of three viruses causing barley yellow dwarf disease (BYD) was assessed in spring cereals and pasture grasses at two regions in Latvia in 2000–2002. A total of 2589 leaf samples (367 from spring oats, 743 from spring barley, 1479 from predominant grass species) were collected from 44 fields of spring oats, 84 fields of spring barley, and 26 pastures. We found that isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV), barley yellow dwarf virus-MAV (BYDV-MAV) and cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) were present in these samples of spring cereals and pasture grasses. The most common isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus were BYDV-PAV and BYDV-MAV in both grasses and cereals, but there was a great difference between years and regions. The proportion of BYD symptomatic cereal samples that reacted positively in TAS-ELISA test was 9 to 15%. The overall BYDV/CYDV incidence in pasture grasses ranged from 2 to 19%. The incidence of BYDV/CYDV infection was higher in Festuca elatior than in other grass species. Isolates of CYDV-RPV were rather rare: only found in Lolium perenne and Dactylis glomerata among six grass species tested and more frequently in barley than oats. This paper reports the first quantitative survey of selected BYD-causing viruses in spring cereals and pasture grasses in Latvia and in the Baltic states. We conclude that three selected virus species are prevalent in spring cereals and pasture grasses in Latvia, although with great variation between years. Further studies are needed to obtain knowledge of the most critical factors that determine these fluctuations.
Barley yellow dwarf
Luteovirus
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Barley Yellow Dwarf (BYD) is a serious Luteovirus disease that affects small grain production worldwide. The aphid-transmitted virus (BYDV) infects practically all members of the Graminae (Poaceae) and is responsible for serious losses in cultivated species such as barley, wheat and oats. The study of BYD is complex, as it involves interactions among a vector, a plant and a virus. Hence, symptom expression is highly dependent on environmental conditions, serotypes plant genetic background and physiological stage of inoculation. Consequently, tolerance to BYDV is also difficult to study and understand. This review explores the basic biology of BYD, its symptoms, its viruses and yield losses it can cause.
Barley yellow dwarf
Luteovirus
Rhopalosiphum padi
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Surveys on viruses associated with Barley Yellow Dwarf (BYD) and their vectors were carried out in Algerian cereal areas (Guelma, Constantine, Algiers, Sidi-belabes, Adrar) in 1997 and 1998. Rhopalosiphum padi was present in all zones of culture, whereas R. maidis, Sitobion avenae, S. fragariae and Schizaphis graminum had only local distributions. In most areas BYD-like symptoms, i.e. dwarfing and yellowing of barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), dwarfing and reddening of oat (Avena sativa) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), were observed. Serological tests were done on these crops using DAS-ELISA (RMV and SGV) or TAS-ELISA using monoclonal antibodies specifie to CYDV-RPV or using different variant specifie BYDV-PAV (CpA and CpB) and BYDV-MAV monoclonal antibodies. BYDV-PAV was prevalent and few plant samples carrying RMV, SGV, BYDV-MAV or CYDV-RPV were detected. The relative frequencies of BYDV-PAV CpA and CpB serotypes were variable depending on the area and the crop season. The range of symptoms induced on barley by both Algerian BYDV-PAV CpB and BYDV-PAV CpA serotypes was mild to severe. Twenty-one BYDV-MAV isolates were compared using monoclonal antibodies, which distinguish two serotypes of this virus. Only one serotype was detected. This same serotype is also the most prevalent in Europe.
Barley yellow dwarf
Dwarfing
Rhopalosiphum maidis
Luteovirus
Rhopalosiphum padi
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Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the most widespread and damaging viral diseases of grasses and cereal crops worldwide. Due to an increasing risk of food losses e.g. in barley by Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) as a consequence of climate change, associated by a strong demand to decrease the use of chemical insecticides, breeding for BYDV resistance is of prime importance today. This chapter describes the negative impact of BYDV on barley on multiple levels (anatomy, physiology and agronomic traits). It also demonstrates the benefits of BYDV resistance regarding a reduction in yield losses but also a decreased spread of BYDV in the field due to effects on the tritrophic interaction of virus, vector and plant. Until now, several genes and QTL are known that mediate tolerance or resistance against BYDV, respectively. The combination of genomic tools and phenotyping is the basis for the identification of these genes and recent developments facilitate to enhance this process.
Barley yellow dwarf
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Barley yellow dwarf
Luteovirus
Triticale
Secale
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Evaluation of The Autumn Infection of Winter Barley with Barley Yellow Dwarf Viruses Transmitted by Anholocyclic forms of Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Rhopalosiphum Padi L. in Poland Research was carried out to determine the extent of anholocyclic forms of bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi on winter barley, and to estimate the level of infection of winter barley crops with Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) viruses. Observations were made in 12 Polish regions. Each region is made up of four distinct locations, with different temperatures. The 12 observed regions were: Lubuskie, Dolnośląskie, Opolskie, Śląskie, Małopolskie, Podkarpackie, Wielkopolskie, Łódzkie, Mazowieckie, Lubelskie, Warmińsko-Mazurskie and Podlaskie. The research was carried out during the period of colonization of plants by aphids. Anholocyclic forms of R. padi were found on winter barley crops in all regions, with the exception of the Podlaskie area. Samples of plants were collected and tested for virus occurrence by ELISA. In 2007, the detection of BYD viruses in aphids feeding on winter barley was performed using the PCR technique. Virus diagnostics revealed the prevalence of Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) over Barley yellow dwarf virus-MAV (BYDV-MAV), in 2006 and 2007. Aphid vectors of BYD viruses were the most numerous in all the locations of the Opolskie region.
Rhopalosiphum padi
Barley yellow dwarf
Luteovirus
Winter wheat
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Yearly change of the infection of Wheat dwarf virus was studied in winter barley during 1996-2010. Surveys were carried out at Kompolt (Rudolf Fleischmann Research Institute, Róbert Károly College), in winter barley breeding lines showing leaf yellowing and stunting symptoms. In 1996, 250 winter barley samples were tested. During the period of 1997–2005, 100 samples were collected in each year. In 2006, 490 winter barley samples were tested. In 2007 and 2008 the number of samples collected was 500 from winter barley. In 2009 year 100, and in 2010 year 100 winter barley samples were collected for virus testing. Virus diagnosis was carried out using DASELISA for the detection of Wheat dwarf virus (WDV), Barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDV-MAV, BYDV-PAV, BYDV-RMV, BYDV-SGV), and Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV-RPV). During the ten of the last fifteen years, the occurrence of Wheat dwarf virus in infected samples exceeded those of other viruses causing leaf yellowing and dwarfing symptoms. There were years (1997, 2002, 2004, 2007, 2009 and 2010) when only the Wheat dwarf virus played the main role in development of yirus symtoms. A contrasting tendency can be observed between the degrees of infection of WDV and BYDV. With a rise of infection in the WDV, the proportion of BYDV decreased and vice-versa.
Barley yellow dwarf
Dwarfing
Winter wheat
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