Occurrence of Stem Base Diseases of Four Cereal Species Grown in Long-Term Monocultures
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Although decades of research suggest that higher species richness improves ecosystem functioning and stability, planted forests are predominantly monocultures. To determine whether diversification of plantations would enhance aboveground carbon storage, we systematically reviewed over 11,360 publications, and acquired data from a global network of tree diversity experiments. We compiled a maximum dataset of 79 monoculture to mixed comparisons from 21 sites with all variables needed for a meta-analysis. We assessed aboveground carbon stocks in mixed-species planted forests vs. (a) the average of monocultures, (b) the best monoculture, and (c) commercial species monocultures, and examined potential mechanisms driving differences in carbon stocks between mixtures and monocultures. On average, we found that aboveground carbon stocks in mixed planted forests were 70% higher than the average monoculture, 77% higher than commercial monocultures, and 25% higher than the best performing monocultures, although the latter was not statistically significant. Overyielding was highest in four-species mixtures (richness range 2–6 species), but otherwise none of the potential mechanisms we examined (nitrogen-fixer present vs. absent; native vs. non-native/mixed origin; tree diversity experiment vs. forestry plantation) consistently explained variation in the diversity effects. Our results, predominantly from young stands, thus suggest that diversification could be a very promising solution for increasing the carbon sequestration of planted forests and represent a call to action for more data to increase confidence in these results and elucidate methods to overcome any operational challenges and costs associated with diversification.
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Somantri RU, Syahri S, Thamrin T. 2019. Agronomic and economic analysis of soybeans which is grew by monoculture and polyculture systems in South Sumatra. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal: Journal of Suboptimal Lands. 8(2):159-172. The presence of shade and other limiting factors in the crops of plantation plants will certainly affect the growth and soybean yield were compared by monoculture. The objective of the research was to know of agronomic performance and farming feasibility of soybeans which are cultivated by polyculture and monoculture systems. Soybeans were planted in two systems namely monoculture (soybean) and polyculture (soybean are intercropped with 3 years of rubber trees). Both of Dena 1 and Anjasmoro varieties were cropped in those systems. Soybeans are cropped by using planting machine (ATBJ) which has planting distance 20 cm x 40 cm (1-2 seeds per hole). Plants were fertilized with 50 kg Urea per ha, 150 kg TSP per ha, 150 kg KCl per ha, manure 2,000 kg per ha, and dolomite 1,000 kg per ha. Mower were used for harvesting. The results showed that the growth and soybean yield in monoculture system was better than the polyculture. Yield of Anjasmoro in monoculture was 15.35 ku per ha, whereas the polyculture was 4.72 ku per ha. Meanwhile, the productivity of Dena 1 was 14.80 ku per ha and 7.38 ku per ha in polyculture system. The polyculture had a higher value of the land equivalent ratio than monoculture of rubber trees. Economically, the two planting systems that were examined also deserve to be done by farmers, where the value R/C > 1
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Soil nutrient changes were studied under 5, 10, 15 and 20 years old Eucalyptus monocultures, in comparison to natural sal forest. Soil nutrient depletion under 10 and 15 years old monocultures were higher than 5 and 20 years old monocultures, in comparison to natural sal. Soil profile distribution of attribtttes showed gain in clay content and available P and loss in total K and P in all monocultures as compared to natural sal. The soil under 5 year and 20 year monocultures were less depleted because of faster mineralisation of residual organic matter in 5 years old monoculture and a gradation of soil nutrients as the monoculture aged as in 20 years old monoculture.
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SUMMARY An analysis is suggested for an experiment investigating competition between different plant species when they are grown in monoculture and in mixed cultures with species not in equal proportions. tion. An analysis is now obtained for a similar experiment in which mixed cultures are grown with species in the ratio u: v, where u + v = 1 and u + 1. All p(p - 1) combinations of two are grown, as well as the monoculture plantings. If we investigate competition between several varieties of wheat at ratio -1: 2 (and thus also at ratio 3: 3) each variety is grown in monoculture, in ratio 1:2 with every other variety and in ratio 2:1 with every other variety. Since an analysis is straightforward for p = 2 we assume that p > 2 and that we have r1 replications of monoculture yields, r2 replications of mixed culture yields.
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Planting service crops (SCs) with late summer manure applications has been promoted as an agronomic practice to capture manure nitrogen (N) and release it to the following season’s cash crop, thereby reducing fertilizer N requirements. The present study explored this hypothesis using a cereal rye ( Secale cereale L.) monoculture SC, along with two polyculture SCs (4 species and 12 species) both containing rye, planted after winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) harvest, in systems with and without liquid hog manure. The following spring, SC regrowth was chemically terminated 1 week prior to corn ( Zea mays L.) planting, and a sidedress N application was made at the 6–8 leaf stage to half of the plots. Corn N accumulation and final grain yield were reduced up to 20% following the rye monoculture in both years, even though SCs did not reduce soil mineral N nor partial plant-available N over the corn-growing season. Additionally, the sidedress N application could not overcome the yield loss associated with rye. Thus, this study did not observe N release by SCs to the following cash crop and demonstrates that yield loss can occur when corn follows rye SCs irrespective of changes in plant available N. This research reinforces the importance of selecting appropriate species and their proportions in polycultures, to mitigate negative impacts of SCs, especially those of rye on corn.
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Monoculture is common to meet commodity grain requirements in Northeast China. The effect of long-term monoculture on chemical composition of soil organic carbon (SOC) remains unclear. This study was done to evaluate how changes in chemical compositions of SOC responded to long-term monoculture. To achieve this objective, the chemical compositions of SOC in maize-soybean rotation, continuous soybean and continuous maize were characterized with the nuclear magnetic resonance technique. Two main components, O-alkyl and aromatic C, showed a wider range of relative proportion in monoculture than rotation system across soil profiles, but no difference was observed between two monoculture systems. Pearson's analysis showed a significant relationship between plant-C and OCH3/NCH, alkyl C or alkyl O-C-O, and the A/O-A was closely related to plant-C. The findings indicated a greater influence of monoculture on the chemical composition of SOC compared to rotation, but lower response to crop species.
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The term monoculture is widely used in the scientific literature concerning the agricultural sector. However, it is very difficult to find a clear and shared definition of this term. This study investigates the concept of monoculture in agricultural areas where high specialization in a specific crop is observed. Therefore, we refer to a territorial-level definition, which associates the idea of monoculture to the prevalent presence of a crop in a region including many farms. The objectives of the paper are: (i) to define indicators capable of verifying the existence of this condition; (ii) to test the ability of such indicators in identifying the effective presence of a monoculture. A set of Italian areas identified as monoculture in the recent literature were selected to carry out a quantitative analysis, assessing different indexes of monoculture. On the basis of the obtained results, such an analysis should help in comparing the monoculture indexes and fostering a discussion on their suitability and descriptive capacities.
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The effects of intercropping between mulberry and alfalfa on the enzyme activities and functional diversities of rhizophere soil microbial community were investigated comparing with mulberry monoculture and alfalfa monoculture in the field experiment.The results showed that the invertase and peroxidase activities of intercropping alfalfa increased 30.0%and 21.4%compared to monoculture alfalfa,respectively;the acid phosphatase activities of intercropping mulberry and intercropping alfalfa raised 23.0%and 28.9%compared to monocultures,respectively.The activities of the enzymes were significant differences between monoculture and intercropping.In mulberry and alfalfa intercropping system,average well color development(AWCD) symbolized the metabolic activities of soil microbes.Shanon index,Simpson index,and Mcintosh index of intercropping mulberry were higher than that of monoculture,while theses indexes in intercropping alfalfa were lower than that of monoculture.Principal component analysis(PCA) showed that the main carbon source types of intercropping and monoculture were different,the main carbon sources of intercropping alfalfa changed into amino acid,polymers and miscellaneous.The research indicated that the intercropping system enhanced the diversity of rhizophere soil microbial community of mulberry,and changed the main carbon source types of rhizophere soil microbial community of alfalfa.The effects of intercropping patterns on soil enzyme activities were different.
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Creating a crop-heterogeneous system by intraspecific mixtures of different rice varieties can substantially reduce blast diseases. Such variety mixtures provide an ecological approach for effective disease control, maintaining high yields with the minimum fungicide applications. Whether such an approach is universally applicable for random rice variety combinations and what is the variation pattern of the diseases under intercropping still remains unclear. We conducted two-year large-scale field experiments involving 47 rice varieties/lines and 98 variety-combinations to compare the occurrence of rice blast in monoculture and intercropping plots at multiple sites. In the experiments, the plant height of the selected traditional varieties was about 30 cm taller, and their life cycle was 10 days longer, than that of the improved rice varieties. The monoculture included either traditional or modern rice varieties grown in separate plots. The intercropping included both traditional and modern rice varieties planted together in the same plots. Results from the field experiments under natural disease conditions demonstrated significant reduction for rice blast disease in intercropping plots, compared with that in monoculture plots. For traditional varieties, the average blast incidence reduced from ~26% in monoculture to ~10% in intercropping, and the disease severity reduced from ~17 in monoculture to ~5 in intercropping. For modern varieties, the average blast incidence reduced from ~19% in monoculture to ~10% in intercropping, and the severity from ~10 in monoculture to ~4 in intercropping. Traditional rice varieties (~72%) had a much greater increase in the efficiency of disease control than modern varieties (~60%). In addition, substantially lower values of variance in the blast incidence and severity was detected among the variety combinations in intercropping plots than in monoculture plots. Based on these results, we conclude that the intercropping or mixture of rice varieties greatly reduces the occurrence and variation of rice blast disease in particular variety combinations, which makes the intercropping system more stable and consistent for disease suppression on a large scale of rice cultivation.
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Blast disease
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In the District Meureudu, there are two types of cropping farming in paddy fields, namely Monoculture cropping pattern and cropping patterns poly. Monoculture is planting only one crop a year, namely rice, whereas polyculture cropping is planting more than one plant within a year, namely rice and soybeans. The method used in this research is survey method. The sampling technique is cluster sampling and data used are primary data and secondary data. Average - Average area of land that did monoculture is 0.22 hectares, while the area of land on the cropping pattern polyculture is 0.15. Average - Average harvests of farmers practicing monoculture of 3.2 ton / year, while the average - average yields in cropping patterns polyculture 1.9 ton / year for rice and 0.48 Kg / year for soybeans. Comparison of farmers using monoculture and polyculture in District Meureudu is 65: 35. In general, farmers in Sub Meureudu that uses monoculture earn 42 million / ha / year, while the use of polyculture cropping patterns to earn 58 million / ha / Year. Constraints faced by farmers practicing monoculture of the interview that the pest rodents, sparrows and waterways, while the polyculture cropping patterns from the interviews that the pest rodents, sparrows, waterways and livestock citizens. Keywords: Income, monoculture, and poly
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