The Conditions Influencing the Incidence and Spread of Cholera in India
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SUMMARY During epidemics of cholera in two rural sites (Bakerganj and Mathbaria), a much higher proportion of patients came for treatment with severe dehydration than was seen in previous years. V. cholerae O1 isolated from these patients was found to be El Tor in its phenotype, but its cholera toxin (CT) was determined to be that of classical biotype. Whether the observed higher proportion of severe dehydration produced by the El Tor biotype was due to a shift from El Tor to classical CT or due to other factors is not clear. However, if cholera due to strains with increased severity spread to other areas where treatment facilities are limited, there are likely to be many more cholera deaths.
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El Tor
Cholera toxin
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Cholera
Cholera vaccine
Oral rehydration therapy
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Madam, cholera is an acute bacterial infection of the intestine caused by the Vibrio cholera bacteria. Cholera spreads via the faecal-oral route and causes severe diarrhoeal infection. According to the World Health Organization, every year, three million to five million cases of cholera appear; among them 100,000-200,000 deaths occur globally [1]. The disease has been associated with seven pandemics in the past. The first pandemic of cholera occurred in 1817 [2]. In the 19th century, an outbreak of cholera in the Ganges delta, in India, led to the spread of cholera across the world. Six subsequent pandemics of cholera have since then killed millions of people. Later, in 1961, 1971, and 1991, outbreaks occurred in South Asia, Africa, and America respectively. Cholera is now endemic in most Southeast Asian countries, including Pakistan. ---Continue
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Pandemic
Cholera vaccine
Carriage
El Tor
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This study was conducted to find out the solutions to improve the troubles in Hilly and Mountainous villages whose living Standard is low, and to reconstruct those villages into new space for living. Several villages around Mt.JIRI among Hilly and Mountainous villages of Korea which were already examined in 1988 were chosen for this study. As the results of this study, we analyzed the changes of consciousness on the shift of the level of living condilions, depopulation, direction of development, and then confirmed the subject in order to improve the Hilly and Mountainous villages in future.
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Gastrointestinal disturbances with symptoms of vomiting and diarrhoea, accompanied with acute dehydration, acidosis, sodium and potassium losses broke out in 1920 in Asia. This disease was called cholera Asiatica or cholera and was caused by classical cholera vibrios (Felsenfeld, 1966). It was also known in Europe. From 1923 to 1960 it subsided, but within this period a new type of cholera, cholera El Tor had made it appearance in Indonesia. In the Southern part of the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, cholera EI Tor was detected for the first time by de Moor (Felsenfeld, 1966; Moor, 1963; Mukerjee and Basu, 1967). Cholera EI Tor is an endemic disease, which sometimes has its epidemic outbreaks. Sulawesi was considered endemic and the following epidemics occurred in 1939, 1944, 1957 and 1960 (Moor, 1963).
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El Tor
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As the seventh pandemic of cholera is caused by V. cholerae biotype El Tor, the former criteria for endemicity of cholera need to be reconsidered as regards their applicability in areas that are infected with cholera. As the mortality rate of cholera nowadays can be reduced to a very low level due to modern methods of treatment, it is suggested that the infection rates of cholera should be taken into consideration as criteria of cholera endemicity, i.e. 1. Five years persistence of cholera cases in a given area. 2. Five percent infection rate among family contacts of cholera cases. 3. Minimum infection rate of 1% in a vicinity where cholera cases occur. It was also found that in such an endemic area it is very difficult to eliminate V. cholerae infection from a locality, even when all family contacts are treated with the full dose of tetracycline.
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Бұл зерттеужұмысындaКaно моделітурaлы жәнеоғaн қaтыстытолықмәліметберілгенжәнеуниверситетстуденттерінебaғыттaлғaн қолдaнбaлы (кейстік)зерттеужүргізілген.АхметЯссaуи университетініңстуденттеріүшін Кaно моделіқолдaнылғaн, олaрдың жоғaры білімберусaпaсынa қоятынмaңыздытaлaптaры, яғнисaпaлық қaжеттіліктері,олaрдың мaңыздылығытурaлы жәнесaпaлық қaжеттіліктерінеқaтыстыөз университетінқaлaй бaғaлaйтындығытурaлы сұрaқтaр қойылғaн. Осы зерттеудіңмaқсaты АхметЯсaуи университетіндетуризмменеджментіжәнеқaржы бaкaлaвриaт бaғдaрлaмaлaрыныңсaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңқaжеттіліктерінaнықтaу, студенттердіңқaнaғaттaну, қaнaғaттaнбaу дәрежелерінбелгілеу,білімберусaпaсын aнықтaу мен жетілдіружолдaрын тaлдaу болыптaбылaды. Осы мaқсaтқaжетуүшін, ең aлдыменКaно сaуaлнaмaсы түзіліп,116 студенткеқолдaнылдыжәнебілімберугежәнеоның сaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңтaлaптaры мен қaжеттіліктерітоптықжұмыстaрaрқылыaнықтaлды. Екіншіден,бұл aнықтaлғaн тaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктерКaно бaғaлaу кестесіменжіктелді.Осылaйшa, сaпa тaлaптaры төрт сaнaтқa бөлінді:болуытиіс, бір өлшемді,тaртымдыжәнебейтaрaп.Соңындa,қaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaудың мәндеріесептелдіжәнестуденттердіңқaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaу деңгейлерінжоғaрылaту мен төмендетудеосытaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктердіңрөліaйқын aнықтaлды.Түйінсөздер:сaпa, сaпaлық қaжеттіліктер,білімберусaпaсы, Кaно моделі.
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Cholera
Oral rehydration therapy
Pandemic
Cholera vaccine
Diarrhoeal disease
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
Chorale will delight audiences of all
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music making, successful in their
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to be moved, to be part of the
performance - and all this while
working at an extremely high
musical level.AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA Experience choral
singing that will take you to new
heights!
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