Red Blood Cell Parameters as Indices of Susceptibility to Trypanosoma congolense Infection in Three Breeds of Nigerian Zebu Cattle
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This paper presents the changes in red blood cell (RBC) values in three major Nigerian zebu breeds of cattle, White Fulani (WF), Red Bororo (RB) and Sokoto Gudali (SG) following experimental intravenous infection with 1.5 x 10 6 Trypanosoma congolense. Parasitaemia, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and RBC count of the animals were monitored until the PCV declined to ≤15%. Infection with T. congolense caused significant (P<0.05) reduction in the PCV, Hb concentration and RBC count. The anaemia recorded in infected cattle by 38 days post-infection (pi) was mildest in WF and most severe in SG. It was concluded that low red blood cell values (PCV, Hb and RBC) are some of the markers that are consistently associated with susceptibility of cattle to trypanosomosis. Of the three cattle breeds studied, the WF had the least decline in red blood cell value while SG and RB had the greatest decline by 38 days pi. The three Nigerian zebu cattle breeds used in this study also showed variations in their susceptibility to Trypanosoma congolense : SG and RB cattle are the most susceptible, while WF is the least susceptible. Keywords : Zebu cattle, Susceptibility, Trypanosoma congolense, Red blood cell values.Keywords:
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White blood cell
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Diminazene
Trypanocidal agent
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An epidemiological survey of haemoparasitic infection in trade cattle was carried out at Lafenwa abattoir, Abeokuta, from August to November 2008. Thin Blood film and Haematocrit Centrifugation Techniques were used to detect haemoparasites. A total of 452 cattle that comprised 174 cows and 278 bulls were examined. The breeds included 78 'Red Bororo', 14 'Sokoto Gudali' and 360 'White Fulani'. Packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin concentration (Hb), total white blood cell (WBC) count and differential counts of WBC, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were measured. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using Genstat statistical software, with sex and breed and blood parasite species detected as factors. Results showed that 22% of the cattle were infected with haemoparasites while 78% were parasite-free. The parasites were Trypanosoma congolence (4%), Anaplasma central (2%), Babesia bovis (14%), A. centrale + B. bovis (1%) and Babesia divergens (1%). Parasite species identified significantly influenced (P < 0.001) the PCV, RBC, and Hb concentration. The prevalence rates observed is considered to be of epidemiological and economic importance because infected animals might be sources of infection to other healthy herds in the area.
Babesia bovis
Babesia bigemina
White blood cell
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Trypanosoma vivax
Zebu
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Twenty-four dwarf Djallonké sheep and goats, and 16 Sahelian Fulani sheep and goats, were inoculated with strains of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense to compare their degree of susceptibility to trypanosomosis. One animal from each breed was used as a control. Anaemia was observed in all inoculated animals. In the group of animals inoculated with T. vivax, 1 Djallonké goat out of 6, 3 Sahelian goats out of 4 and 2 Fulani sheep out of 4 died within the experimental period of 16 weeks. One single Sahelian Fulani sheep out of 4 died among animals inoculated with T. congolense. During a period of 8 weeks, no significant difference was observed between Djallonké and Fulani Sahelian in the decrease of body weight and leucocyte count. Results in this study show a better resistance of Djallonké sheep and goats to infection by T. vivax, whereas there was no significant difference between all sheep and goats inoculated with T. congolense.
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Trypanosoma vivax
Cattle Diseases
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Trypanosoma vivax
Zebu
Tsetse fly
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An experimental study was carried out on 148 naturally infected indigenous cattle breeds with either single or mix infections of various species of trypanosomes. The objectives of this study were to determine the species of trypanosomes, observe their hematopathological consequences on host-related risk factors and to determine the packed cell volume (PCV) of the infected group.The buffy coat method (BCM) which is a variant of the hematocrit centrifugation method was used for the parasitological and hematological analysis. The May Grünwald-Giemsa method was also used for the identification of different trypanosome species.The infection rate in accordance with the various trypanosomes was as follows: Trypanosoma congolense + Trypanosoma brucei (1.35%), Trypanosoma vivax + T. brucei (1.35%), T. congolense + T. vivax (8.11%), T. congolense + T. vivax + T. brucei (8.78%), T. brucei brucei (11.48%), T. vivax (20.94%), T. congolense (47.97%). The infection rate with respect to breeds showed the following results - Brahman (1.0%), Red Fulani (5.2%), White Fulani (6.5%) and Gudali (16.7%), with no statistical significant difference (p>0.05). The combined mean PCV of single as well as mix infections was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The mean PCV of males (25.64±5.08 standard deviation [SD]) which was lower than that of females (30.82±4.94 SD) was statistically significant (p<0.05). The body condition of infected animals with sex showed that a greater proportion of males with "Poor" and "Medium" conditions showed high prevalence than females with the same conditions, with a significant difference (p<0.05). However, females showed a "Good" condition than males even though it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The PCV profile of the infected group showed that the highest proportion of infected animals had PCV of ≤31% than PCV >31%. The mean weight of the animals was (265.41±95.36 SD). A scatter-linear plot of infected buffy coat against mean PCV showed a negative parametric correlation.Distinguished Trypanosoma spp. pathogenicity, emaciation and weight loss related anemia, poor body condition, sex and the response of different breeds to various trypanosomes were highly affected and are of vital importance in diagnosis and act as a contribution to future control and treatment plans in this area.
Buffy coat
Trypanosoma vivax
Zebu
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African animal trypanosomosis is a major veterinary problem over a large area of the tsetse belt region of Africa. Anaemia is a cardinal sign of trypanosome infections. The mechanism of anaemia due to trypanosomosis is complex and multifactorial in origin. Packed cell volume (PCV) usually gives an indication of the anaemia and disease status of a trypanosome-infected animal.A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to January 2018 in West Gojjam zone, Northwest Ethiopia, to determine the trypanosome infections rate and the possible correlation between parasitic infection and anaemia using the dark ground buffy coat technique, Giemsa-stained thin blood smear, and PCV reading on a haematocrit reader.The overall trypanosomosis prevalence was 7.81%, 95% CI = 7.45-8.17. Trypanosoma congolense (4.25%) and T. vivax (3.56%) were the trypanosomes species identified in the studied area. PCV for all sampled cattle was analysed to estimate the degree of anaemia. From the total examined animals (N = 730), 356 (48.77%) were anaemic and 374 (51.23%) were nonanaemic. The mean PCV of parasitemic cattle was significantly lower (21.09%, 95% CI = 20.13-22.05) than that of aparasitemic ones (25.96%, 95% CI = 25.68-26.24). There was a positive association between trypanosome infection and anaemia. Although both trypanosome species are significantly associated with a decreased herd mean PCV (<24), the mean PCV of cattle infected with T. congolense (19.45%) was lower than that of infected with T. vivax (23.04%). The herd mean PCV was not significantly associated to locations, age, and sex of the studied animals.The study confirms that the prevalence of trypanosomes infections and herd mean PCV has a significant association. The mean herd PCV can be a useful cheap tool to screen for possible trypanosome infection. However, there were cattle positive for trypanosomes having mean PCV within the reference interval and negative animals with anaemia. Furthermore, PCV reading should be confirmed by other diagnostic techniques to accurately conclude that trypanosomosis is the only cause of anaemia.
Cattle Diseases
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Buffy coat
Trypanosoma vivax
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