[Research on the tendon vascularization under different experimental conditions].
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Objectives: Observe the structure of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon macroscopically in cadaver forearms from the muscle-tendon junction to the carpal tunnel.
Methods: We used 11 forearms belonging to cadavers and fixed with formaldehyde. The forearms numbered 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11 were the left and right arms of the same cadavers. Those numbered 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 belonged to different cadavers. Dissections were made by using the atraumatic surgical technique. The tendons were studied to identify the structure and number of the fibers forming them.
Results: The presence of a large common tendon was found in 10 of the 11 forearms. In 4 of these, the common tendon included the tendons of all four fingers. While the common tendon included 3 fingers in four forearms, it only included tendons belonging to 2 fingers in two forearms. It was not possible in one forearm to separate the common tendon into its fibers. In another forearm, tendons belonging to each digit were separate and independent starting at the muscle-tendon junction to the attachment points.
Conclusion: The majority of the cadaver forearms used in the study displayed a single large FDP tendon in the zone between the muscle-tendon joint to the carpal tunnel entry prior to being distributed into each index. This anatomical feature should be considered in choosing materials and surgical technique for Zone V FDP tendon injuries, as well as in planning the rehabilitation process.
Muscle belly
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The aim of the work was to perform a morphometric analysis of the long peroneal muscle (LPM) of the leg and explore the relationship between muscle belly and tendon.Ten lower limbs (8 right and 2 left) were fixed in formaldehyde and dissected using standard technique. The LPM was exposed from the proximal attachment to the top of a lateral malleolus.The tendon was subsequently freed and various measurements were taken. The tendon of the LPM enters deep into the muscle belly. Muscle fibres surround the tendon and descend as far down as 4 cm above the lateral malleolus. Muscle fibres insert mainly along posterior border of the tendon and on its medial surface, leaving lateral surface only partly covered.The LPM contains a long intramuscular segment of the tendon and area of the musculotendinous junction varies along the LPM. It makes the idea of uniform pennation pattern of the LPM unlikely.
Muscle belly
Medial malleolus
Gross anatomy
Malleolus
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The aim of the study was to describe anatomy of the common calcaneal tendon in rat (Rattus norvegicus) and to correlate individual parts of the tendon with the muscles that act with the aid of them. Ten pelvic extremities of adult rats were fixed in 10% of formaldehyde and were dissected layer-by- layer method with microsurgical instruments under the operating microscope (4 and 10 fold magnification). The fascicles of the soleus muscle and the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle compose the deepest layer of the tendon. The fascicle of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle is located more superficially. The strong tendon of the plantaris muscle covers the fascicles listed above. The common calcaneal tendon in rat is composed of twisted fascicles attaching on the tuber calcanei. Fascicles of the following muscles: gastrocnemius and soleus are twisted along the long axis of the common calcaneal tendon, which is additionally strengthened from behind by the plantaris tendon. A detailed knowledge of anatomy of the common calcaneal tendon in rats provides a better understanding of pathology of the tendon. Conclusions are often extrapolated to the human calcaneal tendon.
Fascicle
Muscle belly
Plantaris muscle
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The dorsal approach to the metacarpal bones is through the peritendinous connective tissue of the extensor tendons. Knowledge of the vascular supply of the distal parts of these tendons, between the distal end of the tendon sheath and the tendon's osseous insertion is important, especially with respect to atraumatic technique. The course and distribution of the vessels to the extensor tendons II-V were investigated. Superficial and deep layers of connective tissue were found to contain blood vessels. The superficial vessels reach the dorsal aspect of the extensor tendon, originating from subcutaneous arteries and the large arteries of the hand. The deep vessels reach the lateropalmar aspect of the tendons and originate from the peritendinous muscular arteries. Vessel distribution suggests a direct relationship between the number of nourishing arteries and the tendon surface area. The vascular supply to the unsheathed parts of the extensor tendons shows morphological adaptations to differential mechanical stress during tendon excursion.
Blood supply
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Fascicle
Motor unit
Mechanoreceptor
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Objective To provide the morphological basis for the reconstruction of old central tendon.Methods Morphological observation of finger extensor tendon apparatus was carried out in 12 adults cadaveric hands.The distance from the fasciculus medialis of lateral extensor tendon to central tendon and from lateral extensor tendon to central tendon,and the transverse movement of laterphalangeal joint of band were measured when the fingers were in the extension position.Results The extensor tendon apparatus was similar among all fingers.The distance from the central extensor tendon to medial band was different,but the distance from central extensor tendon toleteral extensor band was in the range of 9～10 mm.Conclusion The finger extensor tendon apparatus is a complicated structure,so it is improtant in clinical treatment to protect the integrity of the whole extensor apparatus,especially the length between central extensortendon and lateral tendon.
Cadaveric spasm
Extensor muscle
Extensor digitorum muscle
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