A Completely Epicardial Biventricular Defibrillator for a Pacing Dependent Patient With No Superior Central Venous Access

A 52-year-old male with dilated cardiomyopathy and severe left ventricular (LV) function underwent implantation with a conventional biventricular defibrillator. Due to an autoimmune disorder, he had recurrent infections and had undergone numerous extraction and reimplantation procedures. He had