Ruthenium bisbipyridine complexes of horse heart cytochrome c: characterization and comparative intramolecular electron-transfer rates determined by pulse radiolysis and flash photolysis.

The reaction of [Ru(bpy)2L(H2O)]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, L = imidazole, water) with reduced horse heart cytochrome c results in coordination of [RuII(bpy)2L] at the His 33 and His 26 sites. Coordination at the His 33 site gave a diastereomeric [RuII(bpy)2L]-His-cyt c(II) mixture favoring the lambda-Ru form regardless of the substituent on the bipyridine ligands, while substitution at the more buried His 26 site gave an isomeric distribution that varies according to the substituent on the bipyridine ligands. The diastereomeric aquoproteins (L = H2O) are distinguished by their redox potentials and their conversion to the corresponding fluorescent imidazole proteins. Intramolecular electron transfer between the reduced ruthenium bipyridine and cyt c(III) in [RuII(bpy.)(bpy)L]-His33-cyt c(III) was determined by reductive pulse radiolysis using the aqueous electron as a reducing agent, kret = (2.0 +/- 0.3) x 10(5) s-1, and kret is independent of the sixth ligand L = H2O, imidazole. In addition, the rate constant for intramolecular electron transfer from cyt c(II) to the ruthenium(III) center in [RuIII(bpy)2L]-His33-cyt c(II) was determined by oxidative pulse radiolysis using azide and carbonate radicals. This rate is very sensitive to the nature of the sixth ligand. When L = H2O, the intramolecular electron-transfer rate for the major diastereomer lambda-cis-[RuIII (bpy)2(H2O)]-His33-cyt c(II) is k = 1.1 x 10(4) s-1 and is independent of pH between 5.6 and 8.3. The minor delta-cis-[RuIII(bpy)2(H2O)]-His33-cyt c(II) isomer has pH-dependent electrochemistry and a lower rate of intramolecular electron transfer. Complete conversion from L = H2O to L = imidazole is slow, requiring more than 7 days in 1 M imidazole. A lower limit (k > 2 x 10(6) s-1) for the intramolecular electron-transfer rate constant in [RuIII(bpy)2(L)]-His33-cyt c(II), L = imidazole, could be obtained by pulse radiolysis in the absence of the slower reacting aquo species. This observation is in agreement with the value of 3 x 10(6) s-1 measured by flash photolysis. Earlier pulse radiolysis experiments primarily measured the aquoligated ruthenium protein, while the flash photolysis experiments measured the imidazole-ligated fraction because it is the only species oxidatively quenched in the photoinduced reactions. Intramolecular electron-transfer reactions for a new series of ruthenium bipyridine complexes, [Ru(dabpy)2L]-His33-cyt c proteins (dabpy = 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-bipyridine) (L = imidazole, pyridine, isonicotinamide and pyrazine), proceed with lower driving force, resulting in slower rate constants amenable to measurement by oxidative pulse radiolysis. The electron-transfer rate constants for this series spanned a wide range of the Marcus log k vs delta G plot.