Subcutaneous and Mediastinal Emphysema Complicating Bronchiolitis Obliterans Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Bronchiolitis obliterans is a serious respiratory obstructive disorder primarily complicating lung transplantation and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Spontaneous subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema is an unusual complication of severe bronchiolitis obliterans and rarely is the presenting sign. We describe a patient who developed bronchiolitis obliterans after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, presenting with severe subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema.