Laundry Detergents, 1. Introduction

The article contains sections titled: 1. Historical Review 2. Physical Chemistry of the Washing Process 2.1. Introduction to the Washing Process 2.2. Components 2.2.1. Substrates 2.2.2. Washing Liquid/Water 2.2.3. Soils 2.3. Wetting/Adsorption on Surfaces 2.3.1. Wetting 2.3.2. Drainage 2.3.3. Adsorption Layer 2.4. Soil Removal and Stabilization 2.4.1. Builders 2.4.1.1. Overview on Builder Systems 2.4.1.2. Precipitation Builders 2.4.1.3. Complexing Agents 2.4.1.4. Ion Exchangers 2.4.1.5. Cobuilders 2.4.1.6. Soluble Builders 2.4.2. Oily Soil 2.4.3. Particulate Soil 2.4.4. Chemical Reactions 2.4.4.1. Bleachable Stains 2.4.4.2. Enzymatic Soil Removal 2.4.5. Soil-Repelling Effects 2.5. Formulation 2.5.1. Foam 2.5.2. Microemulsion 2.5.3. Phase Stability 2.5.4. Softeners 2.6. Concluding Remarks