Antimutagenic Effect of Fruit and Vegetable Ethanolic Extracts against N-Nitrosamines Evaluated by the Ames Test

The inhibitory effect of nine fruit and vegetable ethanolic extracts against the mutagenicity of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) was evaluated by means of the Ames test. Licorice ethanolic extract was the only one that showed an inhibitory effect (ranging from moderate to strong) against mutagenicity of all N-nitrosamines tested. This ethanolic extract showed the greatest inhibition effect against NPIP (72%), NDMA (45%), and NPYR (39%). The greatest inhibition effect (51%) of the mutagenicity of NDBA was shown by kiwi ethanolic extract. Vegetable and fruit ethanolic extracts that exhibited an antimutagenic effect (at the range 50−2000 μg/plate), in decreasing order, against NDMA and NPYR were as follows:  licorice > kiwi > carrot and licorice > broccoli > pineapple > kiwi, respectively. Decreasing orders against NDBA and NPIP were, respectively, kiwi > onion > licorice = garlic > green pepper > carrot and licorice > g...