Processing generates 3′ ends of RNA masking transcription termination events in prokaryotes

Two kinds of signal-dependent transcription termination and RNA release mechanisms have been established in prokaryotes in vitro by: ( i ) binding of Rho to cytidine-rich nascent RNA [Rho-dependent termination (RDT)], and ( ii ) the formation of a hairpin structure in the nascent RNA, ending predominantly with uridine residues [Rho-independent termination (RIT)]. As shown here, the two signals act independently of each other and can be regulated (suppressed) by translation–transcription coupling in vivo. When not suppressed, both RIT- and RDT-mediated transcription termination do occur, but ribonucleolytic processing generates defined new 3′ ends in the terminated RNA molecules. The actual termination events at the end of transcription units are masked by generation of new processed 3′ RNA ends; thus the in vivo 3′ ends do not define termination sites. We predict generation of 3′ ends of mRNA by processing is a common phenomenon in prokaryotes as is the case in eukaryotes.