Deep Vibratory Compaction of Granular Soils

Planning and execution of deep vibratory compaction of natural and human-made fills requires recognition of fundamental soil aspects, such as the compactability of soils. Design is usually based on cone penetration tests and carried out with equipment specially developed for deep vibratory compaction, in particular, using variable frequency vibrators. The features of different, purpose-built types of compaction probes are described and the most important factors governing the compaction process are presented, such as vibration frequency—an important parameter as it influences probe penetration and can enhance compaction by means of resonance effects during the compaction phase. Vibratory compaction generates lateral stresses, which result in a permanent increase of the horizontal earth pressure and overconsolidation. The practical importance of these effects is discussed.