Nedmontering av vindkraftverk och efterbehandling av platsen

This report has analyzed and compared the wind power decommissioning laws, regulations, permits, history, activity costs and the disposal and restoration options inSweden and around the world. The onshore and offshore wind power decommissioning laws and regulations in several countries are examined. Specific attention was paid to the restoration and decommissioning financial security requirements of these countries. None of the countries reviewed had exactly the same requirements but there were similarities in determining who decided the requirements and if a security was stipulated.The history of wind power decommissioning in Sweden and Denmark is recounted and a case study of decommissioning cases in Sweden, Denmark and the United States of America was conducted. The case study addresses the costs of the various steps in decommissioning and the possible levels of restoration. The case study’s results indicate that a turbine’s installed capacity, location and the level of restoration have the greatest influence on the total cost of decommissioning.The handling of the wind turbine once it has been decommissioned is addressed and the disposal options for the turbines components are reviewed. Three options exist today for wind turbines after they have been decommissioned: refurbishing, reselling or recycling. Refurbishing components of a wind turbine can potentially extend its life but is subject to potential cost, reliability and availability constraints. Reselling the wind turbine for further use is a valid option but it does require there be a demand for the turbine. Recycling values depend heavily on the size and type of scrap and on the current metal prices. Additionally some components cannot be recycled in an economically feasible way today, primarily the blades. The requirements for restoration and for decommissioning financial security in wind power project environmental permits and notification permits in Sweden from 2010 to 2012 are also reviewed. Nearly all environmental permits reviewed required a decommissioning security. The amount of security required ranged widely, but a single security amount of 300000 SEK was used in a large number of the permits. The required restoration levels in the environmental permits were mostly undefined and nearly all permits passed the authority for determining the final restoration level to the local regulator. The majority of the notification permits reviewed contained restoration requirements similar to that found in the environmental permits but by law could not contain a financial security.A comparison of the number of wind turbines with environmental permits and notification permits following the2009regulation change is performed. However, as there wasno reliable data no trend or forecast could be made.The report concludes by noting the wide range of regulations and requirements found in the studied countries. The conclusion also notes the specificfindings from the case study and from the review of the environmental and notification permits. The findings are compared and two areas have been identified for future in-depth discussion, namely the amount of financial security and when and who should determine the degree of restoration.