THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED BLAST‐WAVE PARAMETERS AND THE RESPONSE OF MAMMALS EXPOSED TO AIR BLAST*

Abstract : Shock tubes and high explosives were used to produce blast waves of various pressure-time patterns in order to study their biological effects. Data obtained from these experiments showed that, against a reflecting surface, the LD50 reflected pressure for any given species remained fairly constant at the 'longer' durations and then rose sharply at the 'shorter' times. For dogs and goats, 'long' durations were beyond 20 msec and for mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits, beyond 1 to 3 msec. At the 'shorter' durations, response depended to a great extent on the impulse, and on peak pressure for the 'longer' pulses. Higher reflected pressures can be withstood if animals are located beyond a certain distance from the reflecting surface where they receive the incident and reflected pressures in two steps, separated by a given time-interval. In freestream exposures to air blast, orientation was significant. Animals suspended vertically or prone-side-on showed a lower tolerance to blast waves of a given intensity or at a given range than those end-on because the dynamic pressure appeared to add to their side-on pressure dose. Except for eardrum rupture and sinus hemorrhage, animals exhibited a remarkable tolerance to 'slow'-rising blast pressures without the presence of shock fronts. The lungs are considered the critical target organs in blast effects studies.