Chapter Three – The Architecture of Goal Systems: Multifinality, Equifinality, and Counterfinality in Means—End Relations

In this chapter, we will describe several means–goal configurations within goal systems theory: multifinality, equifinality, and counterfinality. In the multifinality configuration, one means serves several goals; in the equifinality configuration, one goal is served by several substitutable means; and in the counterfinality configuration, one goal is served by a single means that simultaneously undermines another goal. We will discuss recent advances in motivation research that have focused on each of these means–goal configurations, as well as the implications and potential future directions of such research.