Wing-molt patterns—a key to aging sandhill cranes

Abstract To refine and expand the accuracy of a potential technique for aging sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis), we investigated wing molt in 1,076 migratory and nonmigratory cranes captured in Florida between 1978 and 1997. The annual mode of primary and secondary flight feather replacement was incomplete, resulting in a pattern of varying age feathers that, along with other plumage characteristics, can be used to separate sandhill cranes into juvenile and 3 post-juvenile age groups. Juvenile cranes had even-age flight feathers and juvenile primary and secondary coverts. First-year subadults had even-aged primaries, and only the most distal primary coverts were still juvenile. Also, distal and most of the proximal secondaries were even-aged. Second-year subadults had even-aged distal primaries with a mixture of ages in the proximal primaries and had replaced more than half of all the secondaries. Adults had replaced some of both the distal and proximal primaries, giving the outer flight feathers a mixtur...