Solid-state reaction process for high-quality organometallic halide perovskite thin film

Abstract Recently, a hybrid perovskite material, ABX3 (A= Cs, CH3NH3, NH2CHNH2; B= Pb, Sn; X= Cl, Br, I), has received much attention as an active layer in new-generation solar cells. This material is usually fabricated with either a one-step or a two step process in solution. However, the surface morphology, nucleation rate and grain growth rate of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite light absorber prepared by the solution reaction process (SRP) are hard to control. Here, we show a fast solid-solid reaction process (SSRP), to fabricate ultraflat (roughness of approximately 12 nm) CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films with large grain sizes (~947 nm). The SSRP simply involves directly contacting a lead iodide thin film (PbI2) with methylammonium iodide powder (CH3NH3I) without any chemical reagents at 120°C under a normal atmospheric environment. The SSRP reaction dynamics is investigated by an in situ heating scanning electron microscope (SEM) system. This innovative SSRP is an easy approach for the large-scale fabrication of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells and allows us to demonstrate a power conversion efficiency of approximately 15.27% (active area of 0.16 cm2).