Evaluation of microRNAs by molecular imaging for novel diagnostics and therapeutics

During the past decade, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged both as sensitive biomarkers and promising therapeutic targets in a variety of pathophysiological processes, such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, metabolic disorders, and carcinogenesis. With conventional methods like northern blotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), microarrays, and next-generation sequencing representing the mainstay in assessing miRNA expression, the introduction of sensitive and dynamic in vivo imaging capabilities would open avenues both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Hence, recent techniques exploit fluorescent proteins, bioluminescent enzymes, molecular beacons, as well as various nanoparticles for monitoring miRNA function. In this review, we provide an overview of current state-of-the-art imaging techniques for miRNAs and point out their vital contribution to novel and more effective treatment strategies in the future. Even if we run the risk of facing some pitfalls on the long road ahead of us, the concept of miRNAs as novel diagnostic and therapeutic options remains alluring. L Heart Metab. 2014;65:15-20