거란의 ‘고려사신의례(高麗使臣儀禮)’ 구성과 의미

Examined in this article are general protocols observed by the Khitan(Liao) government in greeting Goryeo envoys(“高麗使臣儀禮”). They are documented [in scattered fashion] inside the “Courtesy Section(禮志)” of Liaoshi(遼史: History of Liao). Also examined are three more articles, which also described certain protocols to be observed in greeting Goryeo emissaries, recorded in the Chapter of ‘Guest Greeting.’ There are total of seven articles in the former record, which depict protocols not only for regular envoys but also for irregular ones. Examination of them reveal certain characteristics of certain envoys in certain time periods. We can see that rules for greeting foreign emissaries were modified from time to time, to fit the nature of the occasion. Three articles in the latter record, ｢Ib’hyeon-eui｣, ｢Gog’yeon-eui｣ and ｢Josa-eui｣, contain court rules concerning visiting Goryeo emissaries. Each of them showed a basic format, composed of a process from ‘Entrance’ to ‘Banquet’ to ‘Exit.’ We can also see that the original Khitan quality, most vividly displayed in the North/South Division of its own government, is also reflected in the ritual’s progression. Compared to ｢Jo’hyeon-eui｣ and ｢Josa-eui｣, which contained rules for greeting the Tangut emissaries, rules meant for the Goryeo emissaries show clear acknowledgement of the identity of the emissary, exact depiction of the time they were visiting, and a very much detailed description of the process. These rules would have been officially established around the time of Goryeo King Hyeonjong’s reign. And they must have been Khitan’s primary set of rules to recognize Goryeo and its envoys. They should have served as a criteria for the Khitan government’s greeting of envoys from other countries(except for Sung) as well.