Highly efficient visible light driven photocatalytic activity of zinc/ferrite: Carbamazepine degradation, mechanism and toxicity assessment

Abstract In this present study, spherical shaped zinc ferrite (Zn/Fe2O4) was prepared as uniformly sized (65 ± 0.5 nm) nanoparticles with band gap (2.00 eV) in a visible light regime and employed for the photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ). The doping of Zn decreased the band gap (from 2.00 to 1.98 eV) and enhanced the absorption of visible light. Zinc doping also induced effective separation of photogenerated carriers and subsequent charge migration to the surface of the Zn/Fe2O4 nanoparticle. On account of the advantages of the material, a high removal efficiency (~ 100%) of CBZ through photocatalytic degradation was achieved. Kinetics of CBZ degradation follows a pseudo first-order with the rate constant 0.0367 min−1. In-vitro and in-vivo toxicity of the nanoparticles were examined promoting the environmental implications.