Persistent left superior vena cava: diagnosis with saline contrast echocardiography

The prevalence of persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) has been estimated to be 0.5 in the absence of other congenital cardiac disease and 3–10 when associated with other cardiac defects. PLSVC does not affect the normal circulation because the systemic venous return enters the right heart chambers, usually through a dilated coronary sinus.1 This latter …