Living-Donor Kidney Transplantation Performed in a Low-Volume Center by Visiting Surgeons From a High-Volume Center and Managed Clinically Solely by Nephrologists: 1-Year Outcomes.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the outcome of living-donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) performed in low-volume centers lacking the services of full-time transplant surgeons. This retrospective cohort study assessed the outcome of LDKT performed in a low-volume center by visiting transplant surgeons from a high-volume center and managed perioperatively by transplant nephrologists. METHODS We compared Japanese adult patients who had no donor-specific antibodies and underwent LDKT between 2006 and 2015 either in a low-volume (n = 31) or high-volume (n = 481) center. In the low-volume center, visiting transplant surgeons from the high-volume center conducted LDKT and transplant nephrologists managed the recipients peri- and postoperatively. The primary outcome was the composite of infection, cardiovascular disease, or cancer during 1-year follow-up. The outcomes of the low- and high-volume centers were compared using 1:2 propensity score matching. RESULTS After matching, 9 of 29 patients in the low-volume center (31.0%) and 16 of 58 patients in the high-volume center (27.6%) experienced the primary composite outcome (risk ratio = 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-2.23). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in graft function at 1 year, all-cause graft loss, biopsy-proven rejection, and urological complications. However, the median duration of post-LDKT hospitalization was significantly longer in the low-volume center than in the high-volume center (23 and 16 days, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Among Japanese patients without preformed donor-specific antibodies, LDKT conducted at a low-volume center by visiting transplant surgeons from a high-volume center and managed clinically by transplant nephrologists was not associated with significantly higher risk of postoperative complications.