Inhaled corticosteroids: Effects on growth and bone health.

Abstract Background Both slowed growth in children and reduced bone mineral density (BMD) are systemic effects of corticosteroids, and there is concern about the degree to which these systemic effects affect growth and BMD. Objective To engage in a data-driven discussion of the effects of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) on growth in children and BMD. Methods Articles were selected based on their relevance to this review. Results Studies of ICSs in children in which growth was a secondary outcome have revealed slowed growth associated with low doses of budesonide, fluticasone propionate, and beclomethasone dipropionate. In the study of budesonide, the effect was permanent, and in the study of fluticasone propionate, the effect was long-lasting, but it is unclear whether the effect was permanent. However, the results of studies in which growth was the primary outcome were mixed. Slowed growth was detected in a study of beclomethasone dipropionate; however, slowed growth was not detected in a study of ciclesonide or flunisolide. A decrease in BMD acquisition in children was associated with high doses but not low to medium doses of ICSs. In adults, there was a dose-related effect of ICSs on BMD. Both higher daily dose and larger cumulative dose were associated with increased bone density loss. Conclusion Because of the systemic effects on growth and bone health, children should be monitored for growth using stadiometry every 3 to 6 months and BMD should be monitored yearly in patients being treated with high doses of ICSs.