Vocational Education and Training Reform in India: Learning from good practices at home and abroad

India is among the countries with the lowest proportion of trained youth in the world. Moreover, vocational education (VE) carried out in the secondary schools (since the mid-1980s) has received very limited funding in recent times, has remained non-aspirational, of poor quality and involving little industry collaboration. In contrast, the [vocational education and training system] VET system in Germany is characterized by a much higher proportion of youth participation, intensity of private sector participation and is based on a law. In this context, this study seeks to understand the experience of Germany's Dual System of education and training as it has been historically cited as a successful model of education and training, and is a reason for the competitiveness of Germany's manufacturing sector.