Propensity Scores: A Practical Introduction Using R

Background: This paper provides an introduction to propensity scores for evaluation practitioners.  Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with a conceptual and practical introduction to propensity scores, matching using propensity scores, and its implementation using statistical R program/software. Setting: Not applicable Intervention: Not applicable Research Design: Not applicable   Data Collection and Analysis: Not applicable Findings: In this demonstration paper, we describe the context in which propensity scores are used, including the conditions under which the use of propensity scores is recommended, as well as the basic assumptions needed for a correct implementation of the technique. Next, we describe some of the more common techniques used to conduct propensity score matching. We conclude with a description of the recommended steps associated with the implementation of propensity score matching using several packages developed in R, including syntax and brief interpretations of the output associated with every step. Keywords: propensity score analysis; propensity score matching; R.