Rhizosphere‐associated Pseudomonas induce systemic resistance to herbivores at the cost of susceptibility to bacterial pathogens

Plant-associated soil microbes are important mediators of plant defense responses to diverse aboveground pathogen and insect challengers. For example, closely related strains of beneficial rhizosphere Pseudomonas spp. can induce systemic resistance (ISR), systemic susceptibility (ISS), or neither against the bacterial foliar pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto DC3000). Using a model system composed of root-associated Pseudomonas spp. strains, the foliar pathogen Pto DC3000, and the herbivore Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper), we found that rhizosphere-associated Pseudomonas spp. that induce either ISS and ISR against Pto DC3000 all increased resistance to herbivory by T. ni. We found that resistance to T. ni and resistance to Pto DC3000 are quantitative metrics of the Jasmonic Acid (JA)/ Salicylic Acid (SA) tradeoff and distinct strains of rhizosphere-associated Pseudomonas spp. have distinct effects on the JA/SA tradeoff. Using genetic analysis and transcriptional profiling, we provide evidence that treatment of Arabidopsis with Pseudomonas sp. CH267, which induces ISS against bacterial pathogens, tips the JA/SA tradeoff towards JA-dependent defenses against herbivores at the cost of a subset of SA-mediated defenses against bacterial pathogens. In contrast, treatment of Arabidopsis with the ISR strain Pseudomonas sp. WCS417 disrupts JA/SA antagonism and simultaneously primes plants for both JA- and SA-mediated defenses. Our findings show that ISS against the bacterial foliar pathogens triggered by Pseudomonas sp. CH267, which is a seemingly deleterious phenotype, may in fact be an adaptive consequence of increased resistance to herbivory. Our work shows that pleotropic effects of microbiome modulation of plant defenses are important to consider when using microbes to modify plant traits in agriculture. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.