Intact soil-core microcosms compared with multi-site field releases for pre-release testing of microbes in diverse soils and climates

Intact soil-core microcosms were used to compare persistence of Pseudomonas chlororaphis3732RN-L11 in fallow soil and on wheat roots with field releases at diverse sites. Parallel field and microcosm releases at four sites in 1996 were repeated with addition of one site in 1997. Microcosms were obtained fresh and maintained at 60% soil wa- ter holding capacity in a growth chamber at 70% relative humidity, a 12-hour photoperiod, and constant temperature. Persistence of 3732RN-L11 was measured at each site in field plots and microcosms at 7-21 day intervals, and in du- plicate microcosms sampled at an independent laboratory. Linear regression slopes of field plot and microcosm persis- tence were compared for each site, and between identical microcosms sampled at different sites, using log 10 transformed plate counts. Microcosm persistence closely matched field plots for wheat roots, but persistence in fallow soil differed significantly in several instances where persistence in field plots was lower than in microcosms. Analysis of weather variations at each site indicated that rainfall events of 30-40 mm caused decreased persistence in fallow soil. Cooler temperatures enhanced persistence in field plots at later time points. Inter-laboratory comparison of regres- sion slopes showed good agreement for data generated at different sites, though in two instances, longer sampling peri- ods at one site caused significant differences between the sites. Soil characteristics were compared and it was found that fertility, namely the carbon to nitrogen ratio, and the presence of expanding clays, were related to persistence. These microcosm protocols produced reliable data at low cost, and were useable for pre-release risk analyses for mi- croorganisms.