Spatial distribution of pollution characteristics and human health risk assessment of exposure to heavy elements in road dust from different functional areas of Zhengzhou, China.

: Road dust from different sources directly contacts the human body and has potential effects on public health. In this study, a total number of 87 road dust samples were collected at 29 sampling sites from five different functional areas (commercial area (CA), residential area (RA), educational area (EA), industrial area (IA), and park area (PA)) in Zhengzhou to study the contamination status, distribution, source identification, ecological risk assessment, and spatial distribution of human health risks due to eight heavy elements. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and pollution index (PI) revealed that there was very high contamination with Cd and Hg caused by atmospheric deposition, which should be paid special attention. Additionally, the source identification indicated that Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb originate from anthropogenic activities related to traffic, and Hg can originate from medical equipment and agricultural chemicals, while the extremely low level of pollution with As could be explained by geographic sources. Moreover, the calculated ecological risk index values were increased in the order of CA > RA > EA > IA > PA in different functional areas. According to the human health risks of the whole city, children exposed to Pb have the highest health risk, especially for CA and IA, as calculated by the noncarcinogenic hazard index (HI). For adults and children, health risks caused by Cu, Zn, and Pb were higher in the CA, RA, and PA of the downtown area, whereas Cr and Ni had the highest noncarcinogenic exposure risk in northwestern Zhengzhou due to point source pollution. Calculations of the carcinogenic risk (CR) values for Cr, Ni, As, and Cd indicate that the value of Cr is highest (1.17 × 10-7), especially inside the industrial area (8.55 × 10-7), which is close to the lower limit of the threshold values (10-6 to 10-4). These results can provide a theoretical basis and data support for air treatment, pollution control, and the implementation of public prevention in different functional areas of Zhengzhou.